Biweekly Sept-2024 Second Edition

Indian Migrant Workers Skill Mismatch- Concerns and Solutions

Reports suggest that the construction labor partnership between India and Israel is facing challenges due to skill mismatch, leading to repatriation or redeployment of workers amidst improving bilateral relations. The problem of skill mismatch and shortage of skilled Indian migrant workers has been widely acknowledged despite a large labor force. Indian firms have frequently highlighted this issue regarding jobs at all skill levels.

Status and importance of Indian Migrant workers

• Status and Data on Indian Migrants abroad: Around 30 million Indians live abroad, with over 90% working in low-skilled roles in the GCC countries.
• Sector of Employment: Indian migrant workers are commonly found in construction, domestic work, and service industries, mostly as temporary migrants.
• Remittances: In 2023, Indian migrant workers sent $125 billion in remittances, equivalent to 3.4% of India’s GDP, making India the top remittance recipient globally.

Reasons behind the increase in Indian Migrant Workers abroad

1. Demographic Shifts: India’s expanding working-age population offers a substantial reservoir of potential migrant workers to address labor deficits abroad.
2. Skill Shortages: Destination countries seek Indian migrant workers to address skill shortages, especially in construction.
3. Cost Advantages: Employers find hiring Indian migrant workers cost-effective due to wage differentials.
4. Globalization and Mobility: The rise of globalization and increased mobility facilitate worker migration for economic betterment.
5. Increased demand in labour sector: The Global Skill Gap report by the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) analyzes labour demand in various sectors.

Significance of Indian Migrant Workers

1. Economic Contribution: Remittances from Indians abroad account for around ~3% of India’s GDP.
2. Skill Development: The process of migrating allows Indian workers to develop skills and expertise beneficial for India’s economy.
3. Enhancement of India’s Soft Power: The significant Indian diaspora enhances India’s diplomatic ties, trade relationships, and cultural connections.

Skilling challenges with the Indian Migrant Workers

1. Education-Occupation Mismatch: There is a significant disparity between the education levels of migrant workers and the qualifications needed for existing job positions.
2. Labour Market Dynamics: Employers prioritize swift hiring over verifying candidates’ skills during high demand.
3. Quality of Education: Educational programs in India often lack alignment with market demands.
4. Geographic and Sectoral Mismatch: Workers encounter geographic barriers hindering job access aligned with their skills.
5. Informal Employment Sector: Many migrant workers work in the informal sector, facing job mismatch and lack of qualifications.

Skilling initiatives taken up by the Government for Indian Migrant Workers

• Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY): Provides access to skill training programs to enhance employability.
• Skill Mapping of Migrant Workers: Several state governments have undertaken skill mapping exercises to assess the skills and competencies of migrant workers.
• Pravasi Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PKVY): Joint initiative by the Ministry of External Affairs and Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship, equipping workers with cultural skills for international integration.

Way Forward

1. Holistic skilling: The National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) needs to improve the skilling ecosystem.
2. Emulating the Sri Lankan Model: Consider implementing Sri Lanka’s approach of offering pre-departure training to workers.
3. Identification of Pre-Skilled Candidates: Evaluate emigrants’ skills via standardized tests for tailored training programs.
4. Finishing Schools with International Standards: Establish finishing schools nationwide with global industry standards.
5. Language Training: Offer advanced language training programs for business communication.
6. Financial Literacy: Integrate financial education into skilling programs to improve financial decisions.

The evolving workforce requires ongoing learning for a competitive Indian workforce, enhancing economic growth and global prominence.

One Nation One Election – Significance and Concerns

The Union Cabinet has approved the High-Level Committee’s recommendations on One Nation, One Election by Ram Nath Kovind. It proposes simultaneous elections and amendments to laws and the Constitution.

What is the One Nation One Election?

One Nation, One Election refers to the idea of holding simultaneous polls for State Assemblies and the Lok Sabha instead of separate and continuous elections.

Historical Background

The historical practice of simultaneous elections in India, observed until 1967, was disrupted by premature Legislative Assembly dissolutions in 1968 and 1969, followed by early Lok Sabha dissolution in 1970. Subsequently, the traditional cycle of coordinated elections was broken.

What is the Kovind Panel on One Nation One Election?

A committee led by former President Ram Nath Kovind was formed by the Union government on September 2, 2023, to explore ‘One Nation, One Election’.

Members

• Chairman: Ramnath Kovind
• Members:
  • Home Minister (Sh. Amit Shah)
  • Former Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha (Sh. Ghulam Nabi Azad)
  • Former Finance Commission chairperson (N K Singh)
  • Former Lok Sabha secretary-general (Subhash C Kashyap)
  • Senior advocate (Harish Salve)
  • Former Chief Vigilance Commissioner (Sanjay Kothari)

Recommendations

The committee proposes 15 amendments to the Indian Constitution through two Amendment Bills to implement its recommendations effectively.

FIRST CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT BILL

This academic discourse focuses on the shift to a synchronized election system and the process for early Lok Sabha/state Assembly elections.

Passage of the Bill: The Bill can be passed by Parliament without the requirement for consultation with state governments or ratification by state Assemblies.

Provisions of the Bill

1. Insertion of a new article 82A: Article 82A will establish the process by which the country will move to a system of simultaneous elections for Lok Sabha and state Assemblies.
2. Provisions of Article 82A (1): The President will issue a notification bringing Article 82A into effect, on the date of the first sitting of the House of the People after a general election. The date of this notification “shall be called the Appointed date”.
3. Provisions under Article 82A (2): All the Legislative Assemblies constituted in any general election held after the appointed date shall come to an end on the expiry of the full term of the House of the People.
4. Provisions under Article 82A (3): ECI to hold General elections to the House of the People and the Legislative Assemblies simultaneously.
5. Provisions under Article 82A (4): If the ECI believes that elections to any legislative assembly cannot be conducted simultaneously, “it may make a recommendation to the President, to declare by an Order, that the election to that Legislative Assembly may be conducted at a later date”.
6. Provisions under Article 82A (5): Even in cases where the state Assembly election is deferred, “the full term of the Legislative Assembly shall end on the same date as the end of the full term of the House of the People constituted in the General Election”.

Amendment of Art 327

1. Art 327: Parliament to make laws relating to elections to Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and state legislatures, including the preparation of electoral rolls and delimitation of constituencies.
   • Recommendation: The power of Parliament under Article 327 should be expanded to include “conduct of simultaneous elections” as well.
2. Amendments to ensure simultaneous elections when Lok Sabha or state Assembly is dissolved before ‘full term’ ends.
   • Amendment of 83(2) (Duration of Houses of Parliament) and 172 (1) (“Duration of the State Legislatures”):
     • Recommendation: The five-year duration of the House of People and state legislatures should be referred to as “the full term”.
   • Amendments to Articles 83(3) and 172(3):
     • Recommendation: If Lok Sabha or a state Assembly is dissolved before the expiry of the full term, the remaining period will be referred to as the ‘unexpired term’.
   • Addition of Articles 83(4) and 172(4):
     • Recommendation: Lok Sabha or state Assembly that replaces the previously dissolved Lok Sabha or state Assembly will serve only for the remaining ‘unexpired term’.

Enhancing Logistics Efficiency

India has recently introduced the National Logistics Policy (NLP) in an effort to streamline the movement of goods and boost the overall competitiveness of the industry.

The logistics sector has experienced significant global expansion due to technological advancements, e-commerce growth, and globalization. Valued at over $8 trillion, it is set to grow further with increased automation and AI. However, challenges persist in regions like India regarding digital technology adoption.

India’s Lag in Logistics Technology

The Indian logistics sector, crucial to the country’s GDP at 14%, lags in technological adoption. While global logistics embraces AI and automation, India’s reliance on manual methods impedes competitiveness.

Key Challenges in India’s Logistics Sector

• Outdated Systems: Manual logistics operations worsen errors and inefficiencies due to non-digital processes.
• Fragmented Infrastructure: Insufficient integration among logistics providers causes delays and increased costs.
• Slow Adoption of Automation: While global logistics embraces automation, India falls behind in technology adoption.
• High Costs: Indian logistics are costly due to lower technological advancements, raising expenses.

Need for Logistic Policy

India’s logistics costs (13-14%) exceed those of developed economies (8%) due to sector fragmentation and complexity. This sector provides employment to more than 22 million people and is expected to grow at the rate of 10.5% over the next five years. Logistics plays a pivotal role in enhancing India’s global trade diversity.

Aim

• Efforts to decrease logistics costs to 10% in five years.
• Enhance skills in youth, create jobs, and advance industry competitiveness nationwide.
• Prioritize process reengineering, digitization, and multi-modal transport.

Benefits of a Robust Logistics System

An effective logistics system is vital for the seamless transportation of products and services locally and globally, providing various advantages:

1. Cost Efficiency: An organized logistics system saves costs by optimizing routes and fuel.
2. Improved Supply Chain Management: Effective logistics enhances supply chain integration from procurement to delivery.
3. Enhanced Customer Satisfaction: An efficient logistics system ensures timely delivery, enhancing customer satisfaction and trust.
4. Global Competitiveness: Efficient logistics infrastructure supports global expansion and reduces trade barriers.
5. Economic Growth: A robust logistics sector boosts manufacturing, retail, jobs, and economic growth.
6. Environmental Sustainability: Efficient logistics reduces fuel consumption and emissions through optimized routing and load management.
7. Risk Management and Resilience: A resilient logistics system mitigates disruptions by diversifying transport modes.

Four Major Steps Under National Logistics Policy

1. Integration of Digital System (IDS): Seven departmental systems, including transport and trade, will be digitally integrated.
2. Unified Logistics Interface Platform (ULIP): It will enhance cargo movement and real-time confidential information exchange.
3. NICDC’s (National Industrial Corridor Development Corporation) Logistics Data Bank Project: This has been leveraged to develop ULIP.
4. Ease of Logistics (ELOG): It will simplify the rules and ease the logistics business.
5. System Improvement Group (SIG): This group will monitor all logistics-related projects regularly and tackle all obstacles.

Government Initiatives in Boosting the Logistics Sector

National Logistics Policy (NLP) 2022

Objective: The National Logistics Policy (NLP) was introduced to improve logistics efficiency, reduce costs, and promote seamless movement of goods across the country.

Key Features:

• Digital Integration: NLP aims to integrate digital technology in logistics operations, including the use of real-time monitoring systems and blockchain for secure data handling.
• Reducing Logistics Costs: Target to reduce logistics costs from 13-14% of GDP to 8-9% by improving efficiency.
• Multi-modal Transport: Promotes the integration of road, rail, and waterway transport to improve connectivity and reduce reliance on a single transport mode.

Indian Heritage and Culture

Mankidia Tribe

The Mankidia community is an Austro-Asiatic community that ekes out a living mainly from the forests.

• They constitute a semi-nomadic section of the Birhor tribe.
• They have been identified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) in Odisha.
• Occupation: They are primarily food gatherers and hunters. They are one of the most little-known forest-dwelling and wandering communities in the state and the country.
• They wander inside forests in small bands and stay at different tandas — the temporary makeshift settlements comprising temporary dome-shaped leaf huts known as Kumbhas.
• Language: They speak a form of Munda language, and some of them are also conversant in Odia.
• They believe in both malevolent and benevolent spirits and gods. Logobir and Budhimai are their supreme deities.
• They worship their ancestors to enjoy health and achieve success in hunting and collecting forest produce.
• Location: Odisha, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal.

Pashmina Shawl

Hailing from Kashmir, Pashmina shawls boast superior craftsmanship and are made from Ladakhi Cashmere wool. The term “Pashmina” originates from the Persian word “Pashm,” denoting “soft gold” or “wool.” This prized material is sourced from the undercoat of the Pashmina goat, native to the Himalayan highlands. Kashmir’s Pashmina holds a G.I. TAG for its traditional artisanal methods.

Process

• Cashmere wool, esteemed for its superior softness and insulating properties, is transformed into yarn using age-old spinning techniques.
• Skilled craftsmen meticulously weave the yarn into exquisite shawls, incorporating intricate patterns inspired by Kashmiri cultural traditions.
• The use of natural dyes further enhances the beauty of these masterpieces.

Tirupati Balaji Temple

The Tirumala Venkateswara Temple is a Hindu temple located in Tirumala, Andhra Pradesh. The temple stands at 853 m above sea level on Venkata Hill, one of Tirumala’s saptagiri, and is dedicated to Lord Sri Venkateswara, an incarnation of Vishnu. It has been mentioned in holy scriptures such as the Garuda Purana and Brahma Purana.

History

1. The temple is located on Venkata Hill at an elevation of 853 m.
2. The Chola dynasty significantly contributed to temple development and patronage.
3. The temple’s importance in South India was established by the Vijayanagara Empire.
4. Ramanuja’s 12th-century contribution revitalized the temple’s significance and rituals.
5. It is one of the richest temples in the world in terms of donations received and wealth.
6. A popular practice in the temple is the donation of hair and various riches to please the deity.
7. Tirupati Laddu: The renowned sweet, Tirupati Laddu, given as prasad at the temple, has a Geographical Indication (GI) tag.

Architecture

• The temple is constructed in Dravidian architecture and is believed to have been built over a period starting from 300 AD.
• Three entrances lead to the sanctum sanctorum, with the first being called Mahadwaram.
• A gopuram (gateway), measuring 50 ft., is placed in front of the entrance.
• There are two circumambulation (parikrama) paths.
• The main shrine houses a gold-plated tower called Ananda Nilayam, which contains the main deity.
• The temple’s vast courtyards, pillars, and halls are adorned with exquisite sculptures and designs that capture the essence of Hindu spirituality.

Karam Festival

The Karma festival is a vital tribal harvest celebration emphasizing the Karam tree as a symbol of deity worship. It is observed by the Munda, Oraon, Ho, and Santhal tribes in Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha, signifying agriculture.

• The Karam festival involves planting a tree branch, dancing, singing, and making offerings to ensure a prosperous harvest. Myths emphasize agricultural ties.
• The Karam tree, scientifically named Adina cordifolia, is a deciduous tree indigenous to the Indian subcontinent.
• It plays a significant role in both ecology and culture, particularly among tribal communities.

Polity

ICGA Cancer Multi-Omics Data Portal

The ICGA Cancer Multi-Omics Data Portal is India’s first comprehensive cancer multi-omics data platform, launched by the India Cancer Genome Atlas (ICGA) foundation. This platform provides open access to data from Indian cancer patients, aiming to transform cancer research and treatment specifically for Indian populations.

The portal will be the first in India to offer data that includes DNA, RNA, and protein profiles of breast cancer patients, integrated with clinical outcomes. Currently, the platform consists of data from 50 breast cancer patients, with plans to expand to over 500 patients in the coming year.

This data is freely accessible to the global research community under India’s PRIDE (Promotion of Research and Innovation through Data Exchange) guidelines, promoting ethical sharing and collaboration in cancer research.

Indian Cancer Genome Atlas (ICGA)

The Indian Cancer Genome Atlas (ICGA) is a national initiative focused on mapping cancers across India. It is supported by a foundation that operates through a public-private-philanthropic partnership.

The ICGA Foundation, a not-for-profit organization, receives support from more than 50 clinicians, researchers, and data analysts. Its mission is to enhance cancer diagnosis and treatment for Indian patients and to contribute to the global understanding of cancer biology.

The foundation’s first project focuses on the multi-omics profiling of breast cancer, with plans to extend this effort to other types of cancer in the future.

National Centre of Excellence for Animation

The Union Cabinet approved the establishment of a National Centre of Excellence (NCoE) for Animation, Visual Effects, Gaming, Comics, and Extended Reality (AVGC-XR), named the Indian Institute for Immersive Creators (IIIC). This institution, modeled after IITs and IIMs, will be located in Mumbai.

The IIIC aims to position India as a global content hub. It will offer specialized training, foster research and development, and support startups in the AVGC-XR sector, enhancing India’s soft power and attracting foreign investments.

The NCoE will focus on India’s intellectual property creation, cultural content, and employment opportunities, contributing to the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative.

International Relations & Internal Security

Pact for the Future

The Pact for the Future is a landmark declaration reaffirming the commitment of UN Member States to sustainable development, peace, and stronger global governance. The Pact’s five broad focus areas include:

• Sustainable development: A pledge to move faster towards achieving the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Agreement commitments on climate change.
• International peace and security: Redoubling efforts to build and sustain peaceful, inclusive, and just societies while addressing the root causes of conflicts and protecting all civilians in armed conflict.
• Science, technology, and the digital revolution: Recognizing the potential of science, technology, and innovation to accelerate the realization of the UN’s aspirations across all three pillars of its work.
• Youth and future generations: Emphasizing the importance of listening to young people and including them in decision-making at both national and global levels.
• Transforming global governance: Building stronger partnerships with civil society, the private sector, and local and regional authorities.

Quad Cancer Moonshot Initiative

The Quad Cancer Moonshot Initiative was launched by the QUAD countries: India, the United States, Australia, and Japan. The initiative aims to implement innovative strategies to prevent, detect, treat, and alleviate the impact of cancer on patients and their families.

Key focus areas include expanding cervical cancer screening, increasing vaccinations against the human papillomavirus (HPV), and improving patient treatment.

India’s Contribution

• India will offer technical assistance to interested countries in the Indo-Pacific region for Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for cancer screening, care, and continuum, with a US $10 million contribution to WHO’s Global Initiative on Digital Health.
• India commits to providing HPV sampling kits, detection tools, and cervical cancer vaccines worth $7.5 million to the Indo-Pacific region.
• India is working on an AI-based treatment protocol for the disease.
• Support will be provided for radiotherapy treatment and capacity building for cancer prevention in the Indo-Pacific.

This significant contribution aims to strengthen local efforts to prevent and detect cervical cancer and empower communities with affordable, accessible tools for early detection and prevention while supporting vaccination programs to reduce the disease burden across the region.

Economics

The Food Import Rejection Alert Portal

The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has launched the Food Import Rejection Alert (FIRA) portal to notify authorities about food consignments rejected at Indian borders due to safety concerns. The portal, unveiled at the Global Food Regulators Summit 2024, facilitates quick information sharing to prevent health risks from rejected food.

In the past year, over 1,500 imported food items were rejected by FSSAI for failing to meet Indian standards. Other government healthcare achievements include expanding the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY) to cover all senior citizens aged 70 and above, benefiting 60 million people. The U-WIN portal has digitized vaccination services, registering 64 million beneficiaries so far. Additionally, a new TB treatment regimen and diagnostics have been introduced to shorten treatment time, with plans for a nationwide rollout.

Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRTs)

Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRTs) are specialized judicial bodies established under the Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993 (DRT Act). DRTs play a crucial role in enforcing creditor rights and expediting debt recovery processes under Indian law.

Types of Cases Handled:

• DRTs adjudicate and resolve disputes concerning debt recovery from banks, financial institutions, and other specified entities.
• They can take cases from banks for disputed loans above Rs 20 lakh.
• The Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets & Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 (SARFAESI Act) provides banks and financial institutions access for the recovery of secured debts from borrowers without the intervention of the courts at the first stage.
• Securitization Appeals (SAs) can be filed with the DRTs by those aggrieved against actions taken by secured creditors under the SARFAESI Act.

DRT Structure:

• President: A judicial officer appointed by the central government who is qualified to be a District Judge.
• Members: Administrative and technical members appointed by the central government.

Powers of DRT:

Under section 22(2) of the Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993, DRT has the following powers:

• Summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him on oath;
• Requiring the discovery and production of documents;
• Receiving evidence on affidavits;
• Issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses or documents;
• Reviewing its decisions;
• Dismissing an application for default or deciding it ex parte;
• Setting aside any order of dismissal of any application for default or any order passed by it ex parte;
• Any other matter prescribed.

Jurisdiction:

Each DRT is established for a specified territorial jurisdiction, extending to cases involving the recovery of debts due to banks and financial institutions within that jurisdiction.

Appeals and Enforcement:

Parties aggrieved by DRT orders have the right to appeal against the decision before the Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunal (DRAT). At present, there are 39 DRTs and 5 DRATs functioning across the country, each headed by a Presiding Officer and a Chairperson, respectively.

Credit Default Swaps

A credit default swap is a financial derivative that allows an investor to swap or offset their credit risk with that of another investor. In a credit default swap contract, the buyer pays an ongoing premium similar to insurance policy payments. In exchange, the seller agrees to pay the security’s value and interest payments if a default occurs.

Credit default swaps can be used for speculation, hedging, or as a form of arbitrage. They played significant roles in both the 2008 Great Recession and the 2010 European Sovereign Debt Crisis.

What are Mutual Funds?

A mutual fund is a pool of money managed by a professional Fund Manager. It is a trust that collects money from multiple investors who share a common investment objective and invests in equities, bonds, money market instruments, and/or other securities. The income or gains generated from this collective investment are distributed proportionately among the investors after deducting applicable expenses and levies.

Antitrust Investigations

Indian antitrust investigations have uncovered that Amazon and Flipkart violated competition laws by engaging in practices that unfairly favored certain sellers and harmed competition. The Competition Commission of India (CCI) detailed these findings in two reports, which include:

• Preferred Sellers: Amazon and Flipkart provided preferential treatment to selected sellers, granting them significant benefits such as marketing and warehousing services at minimal costs, creating an unfair advantage over other sellers.
• Preferential Listings: The majority of top listings on Amazon and Flipkart were dominated by these preferred sellers, creating barriers for other sellers to compete effectively.
• Exclusive Product Launches: Both companies had exclusive partnerships for launching technology products, such as smartphones, disadvantaging smaller retailers and delaying product availability for traditional stores.
• Deep Discounting: Amazon and Flipkart allowed their affiliated sellers to offer deep discounts, often below cost, to drive out competition.

BHASKAR

The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) is set to launch BHASKAR (Bharat Startup Knowledge Access Registry), a digital platform designed to support and enhance India’s startup ecosystem.

Under the Startup India program, BHASKAR will centralize resources and streamline collaboration among startups, investors, mentors, service providers, and government bodies.

Key Features:

• Personalized IDs for stakeholders;
• Networking and collaboration opportunities;
• Centralized access to resources;
• Improved discoverability of opportunities.

The platform aims to position India as a global hub for innovation by promoting cross-border collaborations and supporting the growth of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. BHASKAR is expected to drive innovation, job creation, and economic growth, solidifying India’s reputation as a leader in global entrepreneurship.

Science & Technology

Nanozymes

A recent study by the CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI) has shown that nanozymes, which are nanomaterials functioning like enzymes, can improve collagen’s integrity and resistance to enzymatic degradation. Traditional collagen crosslinking methods often involve harsh chemicals that risk damaging the protein, but nanozymes achieve this under mild conditions, preserving collagen’s structure.

This breakthrough has significant implications for creating durable collagen-based biomaterials used in wound healing and tissue engineering. The study highlights a manganese-based nanozyme that enhances collagen’s stability through a tannic acid-tyrosine linkage, making it resistant to collagenase, an enzyme that typically degrades collagen. Another related study explores how biomolecules interact with enzyme-like catalytic sites in metal-organic frameworks, offering new avenues for more precise artificial enzymes in medical applications.

Sustainable Aviation Fuels

India and Brazil have reaffirmed their commitment to collaborate in the energy sector, particularly focusing on sustainable fuels like biofuels. As founding members of the Global Biofuels Alliance, they emphasized biofuels’ role in the global energy transition and socioeconomic growth. India and Brazil are well-positioned to work together on sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) using their existing biofuel infrastructure and agricultural resources.

They also plan to co-host the India-Brazil Clean Cooking Ministerial Meeting during India Energy Week 2025, aiming to explore ways to improve global clean cooking access. Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs) are a type of renewable fuel designed to reduce the carbon footprint of aviation. Made from sustainable resources like waste oils, agricultural residues, and even algae, SAFs can replace or blend with conventional jet fuels, offering an eco-friendlier alternative for powering aircraft.

Epigenetics

Epigenetics is the study of how cells control gene activity without changing the DNA sequence. “Epi-” means on or above in Greek, and “epigenetic” describes factors beyond the genetic code. Epigenetic changes are modifications to DNA that regulate whether genes are turned on or off.

These modifications are attached to DNA and do not change the sequence of DNA building blocks. Within the complete set of DNA in a cell (the genome), all modifications that regulate the activity (expression) of genes are known as the epigenome. Because epigenetic changes help determine whether genes are turned on or off, they influence the production of proteins in cells, ensuring that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins promoting bone growth are not produced in muscle cells.

Patterns of epigenetic modification vary among individuals, in different tissues within an individual, and even in different cells within a tissue. Environmental influences, such as diet and exposure to pollutants, can impact the epigenome. Epigenetic modifications can be maintained from cell to cell as cells divide and, in some cases, inherited through generations. Errors in the epigenetic process, such as modifying the wrong gene or failing to add a chemical group to a particular gene or histone, can lead to abnormal gene activity or inactivity, causing genetic disorders like cancers, metabolic disorders, and degenerative disorders.

Project 200

Project 200 is an innovative satellite designed to operate at an Ultra-Low Earth Orbit (180 km-250 km), developed by Bellatrix Aerospace, a Bengaluru-based space startup. Traditionally, satellites have been deployed in orbits at altitudes above 450 km, influenced by the desire to minimize atmospheric interference on satellite operations.

Though it is known that a satellite’s capabilities improve significantly at 200 km, limitations on propulsion technology have prevented satellites from operating at this orbit. Project 200 is a technology demonstration mission to qualify a new unconventional satellite powered by an innovative propulsion system developed in-house at around 200 km. Bellatrix Aerospace stated that their cutting-edge propulsion technology enables satellites to maintain 200 km orbits for years, rather than deorbiting in a few days.

According to Bellatrix, at 200 km, a satellite’s capability would improve significantly, reducing communication latency by half and improving image resolution by three times. The cost of the satellite is also less compared to spacecraft placed in 450 km orbits.

Staphylococcus Aureus (S. Aureus)

Staphylococcus aureus is a type of gram-positive, sphere-shaped (coccal) bacteria that commonly occur in the environment. It is found on the skin and in the nose of about 30% of individuals. Most of the time, S. aureus does not cause harm, but it can sometimes cause infections. Skin infections are common, but the bacteria can spread through the bloodstream, infecting distant organs, particularly heart valves (endocarditis) and bones (osteomyelitis).

Skin infections may cause blisters, abscesses, and redness and swelling in the infected area.

Transmission:

• These bacteria are spread by direct contact with an infected person, using contaminated objects, or inhaling infected droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing.
• Due to its ability to affect a wide range of species, S. aureus can be readily transmitted from one species to another, including between humans and animals.

Treatment:

Treatment usually involves antibiotics and cleaning of the infected area, although some types of S. aureus are resistant to common antibiotic treatments.

Europa Clipper Mission

The Europa Clipper Mission is a NASA initiative to study Jupiter’s icy moon, Europa. The mission will place a spacecraft in orbit around Jupiter to perform a detailed investigation of Europa. It is the first NASA spacecraft dedicated to studying an ocean world beyond Earth, aiming to determine if the ice-encased moon could be habitable.

Europa shows strong evidence of an ocean of liquid water beneath its icy crust.

Environment

Wildlife Habitats Development Scheme

The Union Cabinet has approved the Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats scheme for the 15th Finance Commission cycle. This scheme supports key initiatives like Project Tiger, Project Elephant, and Development of Wildlife Habitat. It focuses on boosting technological interventions, including the use of AI, camera traps, and conservation genetics for wildlife monitoring.

Additionally, the scheme supports projects like Project Dolphin and Project Lion, leveraging advanced tools for species conservation. It benefits 55 tiger reserves, 33 elephant reserves, and 718 protected areas, contributing to both wildlife conservation and climate resilience.

Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM)

The CAQM is a statutory body established under the Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region (NCR) and Adjoining Areas, Act 2021.

Mandate:

The commission focuses on better coordination, research, identification, and resolution of problems surrounding the air quality index and related matters. It undertakes actions for the prevention and control of air pollution in Delhi-NCR & Adjoining Areas, impacting the air quality of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi.

Powers:

• Restricting activities influencing air quality.
• Investigating and conducting research related to environmental pollution impacting air quality, preparing codes and guidelines to prevent and control air pollution.
• Issuing directions on matters including inspections or regulations, which are binding on the concerned person or authority.
• All directions and orders by the commission are binding, and any person, officer, or authority must comply.
• The commission is directly accountable to the Parliament.

Composition:

• Chairperson: Chaired by a government official of the rank of Secretary or Chief Secretary, holding the post for three years or until reaching the age of 70.
• Five ex officio members who are Chief Secretaries or Secretaries in charge of the environment protection department in Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh.
• Three full-time technical members.
• Three members from non-governmental organizations.
• Technical members from Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Indian Space Research Organization, and NITI Aayog.

Ghost Sharks

Ghost sharks, also known as chimaeras and spookfish, are a group of cartilaginous fish closely related to sharks and rays. They genetically diverged from their shark relatives nearly 400 million years ago.

Features:

• Long, tapering bodies and incredibly large heads.
• Maximum observed length is about 49 inches, but they can grow to be more than six feet in some cases.
• Skin color ranges from black to pale blue to brownish grey.
• Haunting black eyes and smooth, light brown, scale-free skin.
• Eyes backed with a reflective tissue layer, making them glow in the dark.
• Live at depths ranging from 200 meters to 2,600 meters, generally close to the seafloor.
• Diet consists primarily of shellfish, mollusks, and worms living on or under the seafloor.
• Known as the ocean’s butterflies for their gliding motion through the water with large pectoral fins.
• Thought to be solitary animals, generally observed alone.

Navegaon-Nagzira Tiger Reserve (NNTR)

Location: NNTR spans 653.67 sq.km. across the Gondia and Bhandara districts of Maharashtra. It is situated in the heart of the central Indian Tiger Landscape, contributing almost 1/6 of the total tiger population in India.

Declared a tiger reserve in 2013, it is the fifth tiger reserve in Maharashtra, comprising Nawegaon National Park, Nawegaon Wildlife Sanctuary, Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary, New Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary, and Koka Wildlife Sanctuary. It has linkages with Kanha, Pench, and Tadoba Tiger Reserves.

Topography:

The topography is undulating, with the highest point, ‘Zenda Pahad,’ around 702 m above Mean Sea Level.

Vegetation:

Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous. There are 364 species of plants, with major trees including:

• Terminalia tomentosa
• Lagerstroemia parviflora
• Anogeisus lotifolia
• Pterocarpus marsupium
• Diospyrus melanoxylon
• Ougeinia oogenesis

Fauna:

Major wild animals include:

• Tiger
• Panther
• Small Indian Civet
• Palm Civet
• Wolf
• Jackal
• Wild Dog
• Sloth Bear
• Ratel
• Common Giant Flying Squirrel
• Gaur
• Sambar
• Chital
• Four Horned Antelope
• Mouse Deer
• Pangolin

Barak Bhuban Wildlife Sanctuary

Location: It is located in Assam’s Barak Valley, nestled between the Barak and Sonai rivers. It is named after the second-largest river in the northeast and spans three districts: Cachar, Hailakandi, and Karimganj.

Fauna:

The sanctuary serves as a critical habitat for a diverse range of wildlife, including:

• Eight primate species, such as the slow loris, rhesus macaque, and hoolock gibbon.
• A vital habitat for the king cobra.

Miscellaneous

International Chess Federation (FIDE) Chess Olympiad

The Indian chess team celebrated a historic victory at the 2024 FIDE Chess Olympiad by winning double gold in both the men’s and women’s categories.

Overview:

• The FIDE Chess Olympiad is a biennial chess tournament in which teams from countries worldwide compete against each other.
• Organized by FIDE, the governing body of chess, it is one of the most prestigious team events in the chess world.
• It includes both an open section and a women’s section, with teams competing over several rounds in a Swiss-system format.
• The event promotes international camaraderie and high-level competition, showcasing top chess talent from across the globe.

Lebanon

Lebanon is a country located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea in Western Asia.

Details:

• Capital: Beirut
• Borders: Mediterranean Sea (west), Syria (north and east), Israel (south)

History:

• Part of the Fertile Crescent, known as the “Cradle of Civilization”.
• Byblos, the oldest continuously inhabited city, is about 30 km north of Beirut.
• Ruled by ancient empires including the Phoenician, Egyptian, Hittite, Babylonian, Persian, Greek, and Roman.
• Part of the Ottoman Empire for over 400 years (1516-1918).
• Ruled by France post-Ottoman Empire, leading to the creation of the State of Greater Lebanon in 1920.
• Achieved independence in 1943 following the withdrawal of French authority.

Geography:

• Consists of a narrow strip of territory, with the Lebanon Mountains rising to 9,800 feet (3,000 meters) in the middle.
• The Anti-Lebanon Mountains form its border with Syria.
• Home to the fertile Bekaa Valley, watered by the Litani River.
• Climate: Mediterranean climate with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers.

Political Structure:

• Unitary, multiparty republic with a parliamentary system.
• Parliamentary seats are apportioned between Christian and Muslim communities.
• Languages: Arabic (official), French, English, Armenian.
• Economy: Primarily based on services, including banking and tourism.

Falkland Islands

Also known as the Malvinas Islands, the Falkland Islands is an internally self-governing overseas territory of the United Kingdom.

Overview:

• Located in the South Atlantic Ocean, about 500 km from mainland South America.
• Comprises two large islands (East Falkland and West Falkland) and several smaller ones, separated by Falkland Sound.
• Exhibits a cool temperate oceanic climate with no extremes.

Capital:

Stanley (also Port Stanley), located on East Falkland.

Demographics:

• Population primarily of English-speaking Falklanders of African-Irish descent (88%).

Economy:

Sheep farming is the main economic activity outside Stanley.

Currency:

The official currency is the Falkland pound, which is on par with the British pound.

Government:

• Executive authority vested in the British crown, with a governor appointed by the crown heading the government.
• Self-governing, although foreign affairs and defense are handled by the British government.

Pallikaranai Marshland

Pallikaranai Marshland is a freshwater marsh and partly saline wetland situated about 20 kilometers south of Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

Details:

• Serves as an aquatic buffer for the flood-prone Chennai and Chengalpattu districts.
• Encompasses 65 wetlands, flowing into the Bay of Bengal through two outlets: Okkiyam Madavu and Kovalam Creek.
• Flanked by the Buckingham Canal on its eastern periphery, with parts below mean sea level qualifying as low-lying basins.
• It is one of the Ramsar sites in India.

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