{"id":2519,"date":"2024-11-30T08:13:45","date_gmt":"2024-11-30T08:13:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=2519"},"modified":"2024-11-30T08:13:45","modified_gmt":"2024-11-30T08:13:45","slug":"current-affair-27-november-2024","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/","title":{"rendered":"Current Affair &#8211; 27 November 2024"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_81 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Polity\" >Polity<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#What_is_the_controversy_around_the_Sambhal_mosque\" >What is the controversy around the Sambhal mosque?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Background_of_the_Dispute\" >Background of the Dispute<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Historical_Context_of_the_Jama_Masjid\" >Historical Context of the Jama Masjid<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Legal_Context\" >Legal Context<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Broader_Implications\" >Broader Implications<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Questions\" >Questions:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Conversion_only_for_reservation_without_%E2%80%98actual_belief_a_fraud_on_Constitution_Supreme_Court\" >Conversion only for reservation, without \u2018actual belief\u2019, a fraud on Constitution: Supreme Court<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Why_in_News\" >Why in News?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Overview\" >Overview<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#SC_Reservations_and_Religion\" >SC Reservations and Religion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Demand_for_Extending_SC_Benefits_to_Dalit_Christians_and_Muslims\" >Demand for Extending SC Benefits to Dalit Christians and Muslims<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Previous_Panel_Recommendations\" >Previous Panel Recommendations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Case_Background\" >Case Background<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Anti-Conversion_Laws_in_India\" >Anti-Conversion Laws in India<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Conclusion-2\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Stories_of_Women_Who_Helped_Draft_the_Constitution_of_India\" >Stories of Women Who Helped Draft the Constitution of India<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Why_in_News-2\" >Why in News?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Ammu_Swaminathan_1894%E2%80%931978_Voice_for_Gender_Equality\" >Ammu Swaminathan (1894\u20131978): Voice for Gender Equality<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Annie_Mascarene_1902%E2%80%931963_Advocate_for_Universal_Suffrage\" >Annie Mascarene (1902\u20131963): Advocate for Universal Suffrage<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Begum_Qudsia_Aizaz_Rasul_1909%E2%80%932001_Trailblazer_in_Politics\" >Begum Qudsia Aizaz Rasul (1909\u20132001): Trailblazer in Politics<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Dakshayani_Velayudhan_1912%E2%80%931978_Champion_of_Dalit_Rights\" >Dakshayani Velayudhan (1912\u20131978): Champion of Dalit Rights<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Renuka_Ray_1904%E2%80%931997_Advocate_for_Womens_Empowerment\" >Renuka Ray (1904\u20131997): Advocate for Women\u2019s Empowerment<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Conclusion-3\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#International_Relations\" >International Relations<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Jaishankar_Stronger_India-Mediterranean_Relations_Serve_Both\" >Jaishankar: Stronger India-Mediterranean Relations Serve Both<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Why_in_News-3\" >Why in News?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#About_the_Mediterranean_Region\" >About the Mediterranean Region<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#India-Mediterranean_Relations\" >India-Mediterranean Relations<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#1_Historical_Connections_and_Cultural_Exchange\" >1. Historical Connections and Cultural Exchange:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#2_Strategic_and_Geopolitical_Importance\" >2. Strategic and Geopolitical Importance:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#3_Political_and_Defense_Cooperation\" >3. Political and Defense Cooperation:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#4_Economic_and_Trade_Relations\" >4. Economic and Trade Relations:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#5_Connectivity_Initiatives\" >5. Connectivity Initiatives:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#6_Cultural_and_Diaspora_Links\" >6. Cultural and Diaspora Links:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Concerns_Regarding_Indias_Influence_in_the_Mediterranean_Region\" >Concerns Regarding India\u2019s Influence in the Mediterranean Region<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#1_Geopolitical_Stability\" >1. Geopolitical Stability:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#2_Energy_Security\" >2. Energy Security:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#3_Regional_Conflicts_and_Security\" >3. Regional Conflicts and Security:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Conclusion_and_Future_Prospects\" >Conclusion and Future Prospects<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-42\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Environment\" >Environment<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-43\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Between_Hope_and_Hurdles_on_the_High_Seas\" >Between Hope and Hurdles on the High Seas<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-44\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Why_in_News-4\" >Why in News?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-45\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Introduction\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-46\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Objectives_of_the_BBNJ_Agreement\" >Objectives of the BBNJ Agreement<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-47\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Structural_and_Political_Challenges\" >Structural and Political Challenges<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-48\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#1_Geopolitical_Rivalries_and_Jurisdictional_Overlaps\" >1. Geopolitical Rivalries and Jurisdictional Overlaps<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-49\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#2_Marine_Genetic_Resources_and_Benefit_Sharing\" >2. Marine Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-50\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#3_Capacity_Building_and_Technology_Transfer\" >3. Capacity Building and Technology Transfer<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-51\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Limitations_in_the_Treaty_Framework\" >Limitations in the Treaty Framework<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-52\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#1_Narrow_Focus_on_High_Seas\" >1. Narrow Focus on High Seas<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-53\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#2_Weak_Enforcement_Mechanisms\" >2. Weak Enforcement Mechanisms<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-54\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Path_Forward_Bridging_the_Divide\" >Path Forward: Bridging the Divide<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-55\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#1_Integrated_Maritime_Governance_Framework\" >1. Integrated Maritime Governance Framework<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-56\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#2_Strengthening_Political_Consensus\" >2. Strengthening Political Consensus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-57\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#3_Incentivizing_Compliance\" >3. Incentivizing Compliance<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-58\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Conclusion-4\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-59\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#In_Brief\" >In Brief<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-60\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Reang_Community\" >Reang Community<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-61\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#About_the_Reang_Community\" >About the Reang Community<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-62\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Particularly_Vulnerable_Tribal_Groups_PVTGs\" >Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-63\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Gelephu_Mindfulness_City\" >Gelephu Mindfulness City<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-64\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#About_Gelephu_Mindfulness_City_GMC\" >About Gelephu Mindfulness City (GMC)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-65\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Importance\" >Importance<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-66\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#National_Youth_Parliament_Scheme_NYPS\" >National Youth Parliament Scheme (NYPS)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-67\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#About_the_National_Youth_Parliament_Scheme_NYPS\" >About the National Youth Parliament Scheme (NYPS)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-68\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#NYPS_20_Features\" >NYPS 2.0 Features<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-69\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Hydrokinetic_Turbine_SHKT_Technology\" >Hydrokinetic Turbine (SHKT) Technology<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-70\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#About_SHKT\" >About SHKT<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-71\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Significance\" >Significance<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-72\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Central_Electricity_Authority_CEA\" >Central Electricity Authority (CEA)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-73\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Subhadra_Yojana\" >Subhadra Yojana<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-74\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Eligibility_Criteria\" >Eligibility Criteria<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-75\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Implementation_Process\" >Implementation Process<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-76\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/#Financial_Aspects\" >Financial Aspects<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Polity\"><\/span><strong>Polity<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_controversy_around_the_Sambhal_mosque\"><\/span><strong>What is the controversy around the Sambhal mosque?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Recent violence in Sambhal, Uttar Pradesh, has resulted in at least four fatalities and several injuries following a district court&#8217;s directive to survey the Shahi Jama Masjid.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Background_of_the_Dispute\"><\/span><strong>Background of the Dispute<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin of Claims:<\/strong> A petition led in the Sambhal district court alleges that the 16th-century Jama Masjid was constructed over an ancient Hari Har Mandir. Similar claims have been made about other mosques in Varanasi, Mathura, and Dhar.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Protected Monument:<\/strong> The Shahi Jama Masjid is recognized as a Monument of National Importance under the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, 1904, making the matter sensitive.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Court-Ordered Survey:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>An initial survey conducted peacefully involved local authorities and mosque committee members.<\/li>\n<li>A subsequent survey led to violence after petitioners arrived with chanting crowds. Reports of police ring and property damage intensified tensions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Historical_Context_of_the_Jama_Masjid\"><\/span><strong>Historical Context of the Jama Masjid<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Construction:<\/strong> Built during Mughal Emperor Babur\u2019s reign (1526\u20131530) by Mir Hindu Beg, the mosque is a notable example of early Mughal architecture.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Architectural Significance:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Located on a hill, the mosque features a dome, arches, and stone masonry resembling the mosque in Budaun.<\/li>\n<li>It underwent repairs during the reigns of Jahangir and Shah Jahan.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Historical Debate:<\/strong> Some argue that the mosque&#8217;s origins date back to the Tughlaq era, with modifications by Babur.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hindu Beliefs:<\/strong> Local traditions claim the mosque incorporates remnants of a Vishnu temple and is linked to Kalki, the tenth avatar of Vishnu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Legal_Context\"><\/span><strong>Legal Context<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Places of Worship Act, 1991:<\/strong> Prohibits the conversion of religious sites and maintains their character as of August 15, 1947, except for the Babri Masjid case. Section 3 of the Act explicitly forbids altering a site\u2019s religious identity.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Challenges:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>The petition directly contravenes the Act\u2019s provisions.<\/li>\n<li>Petitioners refer to oral remarks by Justice D.Y. Chandrachud in 2022, suggesting surveys might not violate the Act.<\/li>\n<li>Pending Supreme Court cases challenge the Act&#8217;s validity, with disputes in Varanasi, Mathura, and now Sambhal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Broader_Implications\"><\/span><strong>Broader Implications<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Legal Precedents:<\/strong> The case may set critical interpretations of the Places of Worship Act, 1991.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Historical Accountability:<\/strong> Balancing archaeological studies with communal harmony remains challenging.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Communal Peace:<\/strong> Ensuring coexistence and preventing violence is vital in a diverse society.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Sambhal Mosque dispute highlights the complex interplay between legal frameworks, historical claims, and communal sensitivities in India. Addressing such disputes requires careful navigation to preserve societal harmony and uphold constitutional principles.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Questions\"><\/span><strong>Questions:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The escalation of violence around disputes over religious sites in India highlights the need for improved conflict resolution mechanisms. Suggest measures to address such communal tensions effectively.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conversion_only_for_reservation_without_%E2%80%98actual_belief_a_fraud_on_Constitution_Supreme_Court\"><\/span><strong>Conversion only for reservation, without \u2018actual belief\u2019, a fraud on Constitution: Supreme Court<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_in_News\"><\/span><strong>Why in News?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Supreme Court clarified that the misuse of reservation policies undermines their core objective: uplifting historically marginalized communities. By allowing benefits for individuals without legitimate claims, the purpose of reservations is defeated.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Overview\"><\/span><strong>Overview<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Supreme Court of India recently ruled that religious conversions solely undertaken to gain reservation benefits are unconstitutional, emphasizing that such actions amount to a &#8220;fraud on the Constitution.&#8221; The court reiterated that genuine conversions should stem from sincere faith and belief, rather than ulterior motives like securing quotas.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"SC_Reservations_and_Religion\"><\/span><strong>SC Reservations and Religion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Existing Provisions for SC Reservations:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Scheduled Caste (SC) reservations were introduced to address the social injustices and discrimination caused by untouchability, historically practiced within Hindu society.<\/li>\n<li>Article 341 empowers the President to specify which castes, races, or tribes qualify as Scheduled Castes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Exclusion of Dalit Converts:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950, limits SC status to Hindus, Sikhs, and Buddhists.<\/li>\n<li>Dalits converting to Christianity or Islam are excluded from SC reservations, as these religions historically lack the caste-based discrimination that the provision aims to address.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Religion-Based Exceptions:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) are not subject to religious restrictions for quota benefits.<\/li>\n<li>Following the Mandal Commission&#8217;s recommendations, several Muslim and Christian communities were included in the OBC lists.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Demand_for_Extending_SC_Benefits_to_Dalit_Christians_and_Muslims\"><\/span><strong>Demand for Extending SC Benefits to Dalit Christians and Muslims<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Petitions have been filed in the Supreme Court seeking to remove the religious bar on SC status for Dalit converts to Christianity and Islam.<\/li>\n<li>In response, the Union Ministry of Social Justice &amp; Empowerment formed a three-member commission in October 2022, led by former Chief Justice of India K.G. Balakrishnan, to study the issue.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Previous_Panel_Recommendations\"><\/span><strong>Previous Panel Recommendations<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Ranganath Misra Commission (2007): Recommended delinking SC status from religion.<\/li>\n<li>Sachar Committee (2005): Highlighted that Dalit Christians and Muslims remained socially and economically disadvantaged post-conversion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Case_Background\"><\/span><strong>Case Background<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Details of the Case:<\/strong> The appellant, C. Selvarani, contested a Madras High Court ruling that denied her SC status. Selvarani claimed to belong to the Valluvan caste and practiced Hindu rituals but was later found to have been baptized and engaged in Christian practices.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Supreme Court Judgment:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>The court upheld the High Court&#8217;s decision, rejecting her SC status claim as fraudulent.<\/li>\n<li>It ruled that her claims lacked evidence of genuine reconversion to Hinduism, highlighting that mere possession of an SC certificate is insufficient without authentic proof of religious adherence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Anti-Conversion_Laws_in_India\"><\/span><strong>Anti-Conversion Laws in India<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Historical Context:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Anti-conversion laws have existed since the pre-Independence era, with princely states like Raigarh (1936) and Udaipur (1946) enacting such legislation.<\/li>\n<li>Post-Independence, central anti-conversion bills introduced in 1954, 1960, and 1978 failed to gain legislative support.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Modern Legislation:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>States like Orissa (1967), Madhya Pradesh (1968), and Arunachal Pradesh (1978) implemented anti-conversion laws, upheld by the Supreme Court in Rev. Stainislaus vs. State of Madhya Pradesh (1977).<\/li>\n<li>The court ruled that Article 25 does not extend to coercive or deceitful conversions, as such actions infringe on the freedom of conscience.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Notable Precedents:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Sapna Jacob Case (1993): Courts can examine the intent behind conversions but not the depth of an individual&#8217;s faith.<\/li>\n<li>Hadiya vs. Ashokan (2018): Affirmed the right to freely choose one&#8217;s faith, free from coercion or deceit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion-2\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The Supreme Court\u2019s ruling underscores the need to safeguard reservation policies from misuse while respecting the constitutional right to freedom of religion.<\/li>\n<li>The judgment balances the protection of genuine social justice measures with the prevention of fraudulent claims, ensuring that the intended beneficiaries of reservations are not deprived.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Stories_of_Women_Who_Helped_Draft_the_Constitution_of_India\"><\/span><strong>Stories of Women Who Helped Draft the Constitution of India<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_in_News-2\"><\/span><strong>Why in News?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>On Constitution Day, President Murmu highlighted the crucial role of 15 women in India&#8217;s Constituent Assembly, who contributed significantly to debates on gender, caste, and social justice, reflecting diverse perspectives.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ammu_Swaminathan_1894%E2%80%931978_Voice_for_Gender_Equality\"><\/span><strong>Ammu Swaminathan (1894\u20131978): Voice for Gender Equality<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Background:<\/strong> Hailing from Palakkad, Kerala, Ammu Swaminathan married at a young age but ensured her independence within the marriage. She was the mother of Captain Lakshmi Sahgal of the INA.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Political Journey:<\/strong> Inspired by restrictive practices like widowhood, she joined politics and contested on a Congress ticket.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Role in the Assembly:<\/strong> Swaminathan championed gender equality and supported the Hindu Code Bill despite opposition.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Later Contributions:<\/strong> Post-independence, she was elected from Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, and served as a goodwill ambassador to Russia, China, and the U.S.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Annie_Mascarene_1902%E2%80%931963_Advocate_for_Universal_Suffrage\"><\/span><strong>Annie Mascarene (1902\u20131963): Advocate for Universal Suffrage<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Background:<\/strong> Born into a Latin Christian family in Travancore, Mascarene overcame societal barriers to excel academically and study law.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Political Activism:<\/strong> She joined the Travancore State Congress and promoted universal adult franchise, enduring hostility from opponents.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Role in the Assembly:<\/strong> Advocated for a strong central government while supporting local autonomy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Notable Achievement:<\/strong> Became the first woman to win a parliamentary seat as an independent candidate in 1952.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Begum_Qudsia_Aizaz_Rasul_1909%E2%80%932001_Trailblazer_in_Politics\"><\/span><strong>Begum Qudsia Aizaz Rasul (1909\u20132001): Trailblazer in Politics<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Background:<\/strong> Born into a royal family in Punjab, she defied societal norms by pursuing education and discarding purdah after marriage.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Political Stance:<\/strong> Initially aligned with the Muslim League, she later opposed separate electorates and chose to remain in India post-Partition.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Legacy:<\/strong> A member of the Rajya Sabha, she also worked to promote women\u2019s hockey and social welfare.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dakshayani_Velayudhan_1912%E2%80%931978_Champion_of_Dalit_Rights\"><\/span><strong>Dakshayani Velayudhan (1912\u20131978): Champion of Dalit Rights<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Background:<\/strong> The first Dalit woman to graduate in science in Cochin, Dakshayani belonged to the Pulaya community and faced severe caste-based discrimination.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Political Role:<\/strong> Elected to the Constituent Assembly in 1946, she opposed separate electorates for Dalits, advocating for unity and nationalism.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Challenges:<\/strong> Financial constraints limited her political career, but she remained a dedicated activist for Dalit rights.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Renuka_Ray_1904%E2%80%931997_Advocate_for_Womens_Empowerment\"><\/span><strong>Renuka Ray (1904\u20131997): Advocate for Women\u2019s Empowerment<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Background:<\/strong> Born in Pabna (now in Bangladesh), Ray was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi and actively participated in the freedom struggle.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Advocacy:<\/strong> Focused on women\u2019s rights, especially divorce and inheritance laws, and opposed reserved seats for women, believing they hindered progress.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Political Career:<\/strong> Represented women\u2019s organizations in the Central Legislative Assembly and later contributed to governance in Bengal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion-3\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The women of India\u2019s Constituent Assembly were more than just participants\u2014they were pioneers who shaped the nation&#8217;s foundational principles. Their unwavering commitment to equality and justice left an indelible mark on India&#8217;s democracy, serving as an inspiration for generations to come.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"International_Relations\"><\/span><strong>International Relations<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Jaishankar_Stronger_India-Mediterranean_Relations_Serve_Both\"><\/span><strong>Jaishankar: Stronger India-Mediterranean Relations Serve Both<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_in_News-3\"><\/span><strong>Why in News?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>At the 10th edition of the MED Mediterranean Dialogue in Rome, External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar highlighted the potential benefits of deepening India\u2019s relations with the Mediterranean region.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"About_the_Mediterranean_Region\"><\/span><strong>About the Mediterranean Region<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Mediterranean spans Southern Europe, including countries like Spain, France, Italy, and Greece, North Africa, with nations such as Egypt, Libya, and Morocco, and parts of West Asia, including Turkey, Syria, and Israel. Historically, it has been a hub of global commerce, culture, and politics.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"India-Mediterranean_Relations\"><\/span><strong>India-Mediterranean Relations<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Historical_Connections_and_Cultural_Exchange\"><\/span><strong>1. Historical Connections and Cultural Exchange:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>India has a long history of interaction with Mediterranean civilizations, including the Greeks and Romans. The ancient port city of Muziris, located on India\u2019s Malabar Coast, was a vital trade center where goods like spices, animals, and gold were exchanged. This rich history has fostered enduring cultural connections between India and the Mediterranean countries.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Strategic_and_Geopolitical_Importance\"><\/span><strong>2. Strategic and Geopolitical Importance:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The Mediterranean\u2019s strategic location connects Asia, Africa, and Europe, making it crucial for India\u2019s geopolitical objectives. Its importance is reflected in India\u2019s Indo-Pacific policy, which emphasizes a free, open, and inclusive region. The Mediterranean region thus plays a key role in strengthening India\u2019s connectivity across continents.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Political_and_Defense_Cooperation\"><\/span><strong>3. Political and Defense Cooperation:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>India\u2019s political and defense ties with Mediterranean nations have grown stronger, marked by increased defense collaborations, joint military exercises, and security exchanges. Notably, India\u2019s involvement in the I2U2 group\u2014comprising India, Israel, the UAE, and the US\u2014focuses on shared economic and security interests. India and Italy are enhancing defense cooperation through joint ventures, focusing on maritime security and defense technology.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Economic_and_Trade_Relations\"><\/span><strong>4. Economic and Trade Relations:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>India\u2019s trade with Mediterranean countries has expanded, reaching around USD 80 billion annually. Key sectors driving this growth include energy, fertilizers, diamonds, defense, and water technology. Indian companies are also heavily involved in infrastructure projects like airports, ports, and railways, contributing to regional development.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Connectivity_Initiatives\"><\/span><strong>5. Connectivity Initiatives:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>A significant development in India\u2019s relations with the Mediterranean is the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), launched in 2023. This initiative seeks to enhance connectivity between India, the Middle East, and Europe, with countries like the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Israel, and the EU playing pivotal roles.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Cultural_and_Diaspora_Links\"><\/span><strong>6. Cultural and Diaspora Links:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The Mediterranean region is home to a notable Indian diaspora, with approximately 460,000 Indians residing there, many in Italy. This community plays a vital role in fostering cultural exchanges and strengthening bilateral relations.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Concerns_Regarding_Indias_Influence_in_the_Mediterranean_Region\"><\/span><strong>Concerns Regarding India\u2019s Influence in the Mediterranean Region<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Geopolitical_Stability\"><\/span><strong>1. Geopolitical Stability:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The Mediterranean faces ongoing political instability, particularly in West Asia, with conflicts such as the Israel-Palestine issue and unrest in Syria and Libya. These conflicts present diplomatic challenges for India, especially in ensuring the success of the IMEC initiative, which requires overcoming regional tensions.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Energy_Security\"><\/span><strong>2. Energy Security:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The Mediterranean is vital for India\u2019s energy security, as it is a key source of oil and gas imports. Ensuring the stability of energy supplies amidst regional instability is a critical concern. Furthermore, India\u2019s growing interests in renewable energy, such as green hydrogen projects, require strong international partnerships.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Regional_Conflicts_and_Security\"><\/span><strong>3. Regional Conflicts and Security:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Piracy, illicit maritime activities, and regional conflicts in areas like Gaza and Lebanon are persistent security threats. India\u2019s advocacy for a ceasefire in West Asia and support for a two-state solution in the Israel-Palestine conflict reflect its commitment to regional peace and stability. India also maintains a balanced approach by engaging with both Israel and Iran diplomatically.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion_and_Future_Prospects\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion and Future Prospects<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>India\u2019s engagement in the Mediterranean region spans economic, strategic, and cultural dimensions. To solidify its role, addressing challenges like geopolitical instability, economic integration, and energy security is essential. Through initiatives like the IMEC and continued diplomatic efforts, India can contribute significantly to the region&#8217;s stability and prosperity.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Environment\"><\/span><strong>Environment<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Between_Hope_and_Hurdles_on_the_High_Seas\"><\/span><strong>Between Hope and Hurdles on the High Seas<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_in_News-4\"><\/span><strong>Why in News?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>India\u2019s signing of the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement has earned praise but also drawn skepticism on account of structural complexities and challenges.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span><strong>Introduction<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>India\u2019s recent signing of the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement, also known as the High Seas Treaty, has been widely celebrated as a significant step in ocean governance. The treaty seeks to conserve marine biodiversity, regulate marine genetic resources, and mitigate the harmful impacts of human activities in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ). However, despite the treaty\u2019s ambitious goals, its complex structure and potential challenges pose significant hurdles for effective implementation.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Objectives_of_the_BBNJ_Agreement\"><\/span><strong>Objectives of the BBNJ Agreement<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<table border=\"1\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Objective<\/strong><\/th>\n<th><strong>Description<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Conserve Marine Biodiversity<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Establish marine protected areas (MPAs) in the high seas to safeguard ecosystems and species.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Marine Genetic Resources (MGRs)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Mandate the sharing of benefits from MGRs, such as bioprospecting, through a global fund.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Require EIAs for activities like mining or fishing that could harm marine environments.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Structural_and_Political_Challenges\"><\/span><strong>Structural and Political Challenges<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Despite its noble intentions, the BBNJ Agreement faces several challenges that threaten its effectiveness:<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Geopolitical_Rivalries_and_Jurisdictional_Overlaps\"><\/span><strong>1. Geopolitical Rivalries and Jurisdictional Overlaps<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Regional Conflicts:<\/strong> Disputes over maritime territories, particularly in the South China Sea, complicate consensus on creating Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). Countries in this region are divided over whether such areas could infringe on their territorial rights and economic activities.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Coastal States\u2019 Concerns:<\/strong> Nations bordering the Bay of Bengal and other seas express concerns about the potential economic impact of MPAs on local communities who rely on marine resources.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Marine_Genetic_Resources_and_Benefit_Sharing\"><\/span><strong>2. Marine Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The treaty mandates that nations share the profits from the exploitation of marine genetic resources, which are crucial for bioengineering and pharmaceuticals. However, without robust accountability and enforcement mechanisms, wealthier nations might underreport their activities or fail to contribute fairly to the global fund.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Capacity_Building_and_Technology_Transfer\"><\/span><strong>3. Capacity Building and Technology Transfer<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>While the treaty calls for equitable partnerships in ocean science, it lacks enforceable measures to ensure that developing countries are not sidelined in research and technology. This asymmetry could perpetuate inequalities in maritime governance and research capabilities.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Limitations_in_the_Treaty_Framework\"><\/span><strong>Limitations in the Treaty Framework<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Narrow_Focus_on_High_Seas\"><\/span><strong>1. Narrow Focus on High Seas<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>The treaty primarily addresses issues in international waters (ABNJ) without adequately considering the interconnectedness of marine ecosystems. Activities in Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) often affect the high seas, such as pollution from coastal states or overfishing that depletes transboundary species.<\/li>\n<li>The treaty does not address the environmental impacts of activities like oil and gas exploration within EEZs, which are a significant economic interest for coastal states.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Weak_Enforcement_Mechanisms\"><\/span><strong>2. Weak Enforcement Mechanisms<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>The treaty lacks strong enforcement mechanisms, especially regarding the implementation of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs).<\/li>\n<li>Many coastal states are reluctant to accept international scrutiny of their EIAs, which further weakens the treaty\u2019s potential to prevent environmental degradation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Path_Forward_Bridging_the_Divide\"><\/span><strong>Path Forward: Bridging the Divide<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>For the BBNJ Agreement to succeed, several actions are needed:<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Integrated_Maritime_Governance_Framework\"><\/span><strong>1. Integrated Maritime Governance Framework<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>There needs to be a shift towards an integrated approach that harmonizes high-seas governance with coastal regulations. This would involve aligning domestic laws with international norms and addressing cross-boundary issues such as pollution and overfishing.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Strengthening_Political_Consensus\"><\/span><strong>2. Strengthening Political Consensus<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>A collective commitment among nations is crucial. Wealthier countries must provide financial and technical support to ensure that the benefits of the treaty are shared equitably, especially with developing nations.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Incentivizing_Compliance\"><\/span><strong>3. Incentivizing Compliance<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Coastal states, particularly in the Global South, need incentives to align their domestic regulations with international standards. This could include support for capacity-building, access to technology, and guaranteed economic benefits.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion-4\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The BBNJ Agreement represents a critical step towards global ocean governance. However, its success will depend on overcoming substantial structural, political, and enforcement challenges. If these hurdles can be addressed, the treaty could play a transformative role in protecting the world\u2019s oceans and ensuring the sustainable use of marine resources for future generations.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_Brief\"><\/span><strong>In Brief<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Reang_Community\"><\/span><strong>Reang Community<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Members of the Reang community have requested the government to recognize their language, Kaubru.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"About_the_Reang_Community\"><\/span><strong>About the Reang Community<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>The Reang, the second-largest tribal community in Tripura, have sought the declaration of Hojagiri Day as a state holiday.<\/li>\n<li>This day celebrates the traditional Hojagiri dance, a key cultural practice of the Reang.<\/li>\n<li>The Reang belong to one of India\u2019s 75 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).<\/li>\n<li>Kaubru, the language spoken by the Bru ethnic people, is an oral language used within this community.<\/li>\n<li>The Bru are indigenous to Southeast Asia, residing in countries like Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. Their religion is predominantly Hindu, and their deities are closely associated with Hindu gods and goddesses.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Particularly_Vulnerable_Tribal_Groups_PVTGs\"><\/span><strong>Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>The Dhebar Commission, established in 1973, created a category for Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs), later expanded to 52 groups in 1975, with 23 more added in 1993. In 2006, these groups were re-designated as PVTGs.<\/li>\n<li>PVTGs are distinguished by their vulnerability due to factors such as geographic isolation, low literacy, a lack of access to modern technologies, and a reliance on hunting and pre-agricultural methods.<\/li>\n<li>According to the 2011 Census, Odisha has the largest population of PVTGs, followed by Madhya Pradesh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gelephu_Mindfulness_City\"><\/span><strong>Gelephu Mindfulness City<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Bhutanese Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay introduced the Gelephu Mindfulness City (GMC) as the country&#8217;s largest &#8220;co-operative project&#8221; during the Global Conference of the International Co-operative Alliance in New Delhi.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"About_Gelephu_Mindfulness_City_GMC\"><\/span><strong>About Gelephu Mindfulness City (GMC)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>GMC is a Special Administrative Region (SAR) in Bhutan, envisioned by King Jigme, combining economic development with mindfulness, sustainable living, and holistic values.<\/li>\n<li>Strategically located at the crossroads of South Asia, ASEAN, and China, GMC aims to be a hub for regional connectivity and economic exchange.<\/li>\n<li>It draws on Bhutan\u2019s stable governance, rich spiritual heritage, and commitment to sustainability.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Importance\"><\/span><strong>Importance<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>GMC is expected to set a global benchmark for urban growth that harmonizes economic progress with cultural values and transparent governance.<\/li>\n<li>The city promises a secure and supportive environment for businesses and residents, while fostering sustainable development.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"National_Youth_Parliament_Scheme_NYPS\"><\/span><strong>National Youth Parliament Scheme (NYPS)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The National Youth Parliament Scheme (NYPS) celebrated the fifth anniversary of its web portal.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"About_the_National_Youth_Parliament_Scheme_NYPS\"><\/span><strong>About the National Youth Parliament Scheme (NYPS)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Launched on November 26, 2019, by the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs, the web portal aims to increase the reach of the Youth Parliament Programme to all educational institutions in India.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"NYPS_20_Features\"><\/span><strong>NYPS 2.0 Features<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Institution Participation:<\/strong> Enables educational institutions to organize Youth Parliament sessions (YPS).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Group Participation:<\/strong> Allows formal or informal groups to conduct YPS nationwide.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Individual Participation:<\/strong> Provides citizens an opportunity to participate in a quiz on \u201cBharatiya Democracy in Action.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hydrokinetic_Turbine_SHKT_Technology\"><\/span><strong>Hydrokinetic Turbine (SHKT) Technology<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) has recognized the Surface Hydrokinetic Turbine (SHKT) technology in the Hydro category.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"About_SHKT\"><\/span><strong>About SHKT<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>SHKT generates electricity by utilizing the kinetic energy of flowing water, with no need for potential head, unlike traditional hydroelectric systems that rely on dams or weirs.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Significance\"><\/span><strong>Significance<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>SHKT is cost-effective, with a generation cost of \u20b92-3 per unit.<\/li>\n<li>It offers benefits to both energy producers and consumers, with potential for large-scale renewable energy generation, boosting the power sector.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Central_Electricity_Authority_CEA\"><\/span><strong>Central Electricity Authority (CEA)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>A statutory body under the Ministry of Power, CEA:<\/li>\n<li>Advises the government on electricity sector planning and management.<\/li>\n<li>Prepares the National Electricity Plan and Transmission Plan.<\/li>\n<li>Sets standards for electrical equipment and ensures grid stability.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Subhadra_Yojana\"><\/span><strong>Subhadra Yojana<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Chief Minister of Odisha has approved the Subhadra Yojana, aimed at empowering over 1 crore women by providing financial assistance of Rs. 10,000 annually, disbursed in two installments of Rs. 5,000 each. Additionally, 100 beneficiaries who engage in maximum digital transactions will receive an extra Rs. 500 as an incentive to promote digital literacy.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Eligibility_Criteria\"><\/span><strong>Eligibility Criteria<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Women aged between 21 and 60 years.<\/li>\n<li>Applicants must have a KYC-approved, Aadhaar\/DBT-enabled bank account.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Implementation_Process\"><\/span><strong>Implementation Process<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Beneficiaries will receive a Subhadra Debit Card.<\/li>\n<li>Women who are financially independent, taxpayers, or already receiving benefits from government schemes, or those earning Rs. 1,500 or more per month, are ineligible.<\/li>\n<li>No specific application deadline; registration will continue until all eligible beneficiaries are added.<\/li>\n<li>Payments of Rs. 5,000 will be made on Rakhi Purnima and International Women\u2019s Day annually.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Financial_Aspects\"><\/span><strong>Financial Aspects<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>The Odisha government has allocated Rs. 55,825 crore for the scheme, which emphasizes the importance of women as voters in the state.<\/li>\n<li>The scheme is modeled after the successful Mission Shakti Programme.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Read Time: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\">12<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minutes<\/span><\/span> Polity What is the controversy around the Sambhal mosque? Recent violence in Sambhal, Uttar Pradesh, has resulted in at least four fatalities and several injuries following a district court&#8217;s directive to survey the Shahi Jama Masjid. Background of the Dispute Origin of Claims: A petition led in the Sambhal district court alleges that the 16th-century&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-27-november-2024\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Current Affair &#8211; 27 November 2024<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[59],"tags":[],"acf":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2519"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2519"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2519\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2522,"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2519\/revisions\/2522"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2519"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2519"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2519"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}