{"id":2517,"date":"2024-11-30T06:24:38","date_gmt":"2024-11-30T06:24:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=2517"},"modified":"2024-11-30T08:02:46","modified_gmt":"2024-11-30T08:02:46","slug":"current-affair-26-november-2024","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/","title":{"rendered":"Current Affair &#8211; 26 November 2024"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_81 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Polity_Supreme_Court_Upholds_%E2%80%98Secular_Socialist_in_Preamble_of_the_Constitution\" >Polity: Supreme Court Upholds \u2018Secular, Socialist\u2019 in Preamble of the Constitution<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Why_in_News\" >Why in News?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#What_is_the_Preamble_to_the_Constitution_of_India\" >What is the Preamble to the Constitution of India?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Key_Points\" >Key Points<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#The_Terms_%E2%80%98Socialist_and_%E2%80%98Secular_in_the_Preamble\" >The Terms &#8216;Socialist&#8217; and &#8216;Secular&#8217; in the Preamble<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#1_Socialist\" >1. Socialist<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#2_Secular\" >2. Secular<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Highlights_of_the_SC_Judgment_in_Dr_Balram_Singh_Case\" >Highlights of the SC Judgment in Dr. Balram Singh Case<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#1_Context_of_the_42nd_Amendment\" >1. Context of the 42nd Amendment<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#2_Parliaments_Power_to_Amend_the_Preamble\" >2. Parliament&#8217;s Power to Amend the Preamble<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#3_Constitution_as_a_%E2%80%98Living_Document\" >3. Constitution as a \u2018Living\u2019 Document<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#4_Delay_in_Filing_Petitions\" >4. Delay in Filing Petitions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#5_Interpretation_of_%E2%80%98Secular_and_%E2%80%98Socialist\" >5. Interpretation of &#8216;Secular&#8217; and &#8216;Socialist&#8217;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Significance_of_the_Inclusion_of_%E2%80%98Secular_and_%E2%80%98Socialist\" >Significance of the Inclusion of &#8216;Secular&#8217; and &#8216;Socialist&#8217;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#As_India_Inaugurates_Global_Cooperatives_Alliance_Bhutan_Pitches_Gelephu_as_Biggest_Co-operative_Project\" >As India Inaugurates Global Cooperatives Alliance, Bhutan Pitches Gelephu as Biggest Co-operative Project<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Why_in_News-2\" >Why in News?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#History_of_Cooperatives_in_India\" >History of Cooperatives in India<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Features_of_Cooperatives\" >Features of Cooperatives<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Types_of_Cooperatives\" >Types of Cooperatives<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Legal_and_Regulatory_Framework\" >Legal and Regulatory Framework<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Challenges_Faced_by_Cooperatives\" >Challenges Faced by Cooperatives<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Successful_Cooperatives_in_India\" >Successful Cooperatives in India<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#About_the_International_Cooperative_Alliance_ICA_Global_Conference\" >About the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) Global Conference<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Conclusion-2\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Why_Indias_Trade_Deficit_Is_Not_a_Weakness_Understanding_Its_Economic_Strengths\" >Why India\u2019s Trade Deficit Is Not a Weakness: Understanding Its Economic Strengths<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Why_in_News-3\" >Why in News?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#What_is_a_Trade_Deficit\" >What is a Trade Deficit?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Understanding_the_Current_Account_Deficit_CAD\" >Understanding the Current Account Deficit (CAD)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Capital_Inflows_and_CAD\" >Capital Inflows and CAD<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Indias_Strategy_with_Foreign_Investment\" >India\u2019s Strategy with Foreign Investment<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Composition_of_Indias_Current_Account_Deficit\" >Composition of India\u2019s Current Account Deficit<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Indias_Economic_Strengths\" >India\u2019s Economic Strengths<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Indias_Approach_to_Managing_Trade_Deficit_and_Economic_Growth\" >India\u2019s Approach to Managing Trade Deficit and Economic Growth<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Conclusion-3\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#The_Discrepancy_Between_Satellite_Data_of_Farm_Fires_and_Air_Pollution\" >The Discrepancy Between Satellite Data of Farm Fires and Air Pollution<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Why_in_News-4\" >Why in News?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Counting_of_Farm_Fires\" >Counting of Farm Fires<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Controversy_Around_Counting_Method\" >Controversy Around Counting Method<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Role_of_CAQM_Commission_for_Air_Quality_Management\" >Role of CAQM (Commission for Air Quality Management)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Can_Indian_Satellites_Bridge_the_Gap\" >Can Indian Satellites Bridge the Gap?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-42\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Conclusion-4\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-43\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#In_Brief\" >In Brief<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-44\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Samos_Island\" >Samos Island<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-45\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#About_Samos_Island\" >About Samos Island:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-46\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Pterosaur\" >Pterosaur<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-47\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#About_Pterosaurs\" >About Pterosaurs:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-48\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Key_Features\" >Key Features<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-49\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Atal_Innovation_Mission_AIM\" >Atal Innovation Mission (AIM)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-50\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#About_AIM\" >About AIM<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-51\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Key_Programs\" >Key Programs<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-52\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Raja_Raja_Chola_I\" >Raja Raja Chola I<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-53\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#About_Raja_Raja_Chola_I\" >About Raja Raja Chola I:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-54\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Military_Conquests\" >Military Conquests<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-55\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Titles\" >Titles<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-56\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Important_Contributions\" >Important Contributions<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-57\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#SAREX-24_Indian_Coast_Guard_Exercise\" >SAREX-24: Indian Coast Guard Exercise<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-58\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Objectives\" >Objectives:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-59\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Participants\" >Participants<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-60\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Activities\" >Activities<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-61\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Technological_Innovations\" >Technological Innovations<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-62\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#COP29_Climate_Finance_Agreement\" >COP29 Climate Finance Agreement<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-63\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Funding_Sources\" >Funding Sources<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-64\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Reactions\" >Reactions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-65\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/#Upcoming_Climate_Meetings\" >Upcoming Climate Meetings<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Polity_Supreme_Court_Upholds_%E2%80%98Secular_Socialist_in_Preamble_of_the_Constitution\"><\/span><strong>Polity: Supreme Court Upholds \u2018Secular, Socialist\u2019 in Preamble of the Constitution<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_in_News\"><\/span><strong>Why in News?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Supreme Court of India, in the case of <em>Dr. Balram Singh v. Union of India<\/em> (2024), upheld the constitutional validity of the 42nd Amendment (1976) that inserted the terms &#8216;secular&#8217; and &#8216;socialist&#8217; into the Preamble of the Constitution.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_Preamble_to_the_Constitution_of_India\"><\/span><strong>What is the Preamble to the Constitution of India?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Preamble is the introductory statement that outlines the Constitution\u2019s objectives, guiding principles, and philosophy. It was adopted on November 26, 1949, and draws from the Objective Resolution passed in 1947. The Preamble emphasizes that the source of constitutional authority lies with the people of India and highlights the goals of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_Points\"><\/span><strong>Key Points<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Non-Justiciable:<\/strong> Although not legally enforceable, the Preamble serves as a guiding light in judicial decisions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Integral Part of the Constitution:<\/strong> It is considered an essential part of the Constitution and aids in interpreting the document\u2019s provisions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Terms_%E2%80%98Socialist_and_%E2%80%98Secular_in_the_Preamble\"><\/span><strong>The Terms &#8216;Socialist&#8217; and &#8216;Secular&#8217; in the Preamble<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Socialist\"><\/span><strong>1. Socialist<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Western Concept:<\/strong> A system promoting government or collective ownership of resources to ensure economic equality.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Indian Concept:<\/strong> It refers to democratic socialism, which combines a mixed economy\u2014allowing both private and public sector participation\u2014while ensuring that wealth and resources are distributed fairly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Secular\"><\/span><strong>2. Secular<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Western Concept:<\/strong> Strict separation of religion from the state.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Indian Concept:<\/strong> In India, secularism is characterized by equal respect for all religions, with the state maintaining neutrality and fostering religious harmony. It does not mandate the total separation between religion and the state.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Highlights_of_the_SC_Judgment_in_Dr_Balram_Singh_Case\"><\/span><strong>Highlights of the SC Judgment in Dr. Balram Singh Case<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Context_of_the_42nd_Amendment\"><\/span><strong>1. Context of the 42nd Amendment<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The petitioners contended that the insertion of the terms &#8216;socialist&#8217; and &#8216;secular&#8217; during the Emergency was illegitimate. However, the Court referenced the Constitution (44th Amendment) Bill, 1978, where these terms were retained after extensive parliamentary deliberations.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Parliaments_Power_to_Amend_the_Preamble\"><\/span><strong>2. Parliament&#8217;s Power to Amend the Preamble<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The Court ruled that Article 368 grants Parliament the power to amend the Preamble, including the insertion of the terms &#8216;secular&#8217; and &#8216;socialist&#8217;. It clarified that the argument regarding retrospective amendments was flawed, as Parliament\u2019s authority to amend the Constitution is unquestionable.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Constitution_as_a_%E2%80%98Living_Document\"><\/span><strong>3. Constitution as a \u2018Living\u2019 Document<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The inclusion of the terms aligns with the evolving social and democratic landscape of India. Even though the Constituent Assembly initially excluded these terms, their addition reflects India\u2019s changing societal values.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Delay_in_Filing_Petitions\"><\/span><strong>4. Delay in Filing Petitions<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The Court also questioned the delay in filing the petitions, which were submitted 44 years after the amendment, noting the wide acceptance of these terms in contemporary India.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Interpretation_of_%E2%80%98Secular_and_%E2%80%98Socialist\"><\/span><strong>5. Interpretation of &#8216;Secular&#8217; and &#8216;Socialist&#8217;<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Secularism:<\/strong> It ensures that the state does not favour any religion, as enshrined in Articles 14, 15, and 16 (equality before law and non-discrimination).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Socialism:<\/strong> The term denotes a commitment to being a welfare state, ensuring equitable access to resources for all sections of society.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Significance_of_the_Inclusion_of_%E2%80%98Secular_and_%E2%80%98Socialist\"><\/span><strong>Significance of the Inclusion of &#8216;Secular&#8217; and &#8216;Socialist&#8217;<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Governance:<\/strong> The inclusion has not hindered any legislation or policy, as long as they align with constitutional rights.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reinforces Democratic Values:<\/strong> It strengthens India\u2019s commitment to inclusive governance and the protection of all citizens&#8217; rights, irrespective of their religion or social status.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Adaptation to Changing Societal Needs:<\/strong> This addition reflects India\u2019s evolving social dynamics, especially in terms of religious diversity and economic equity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Supreme Court\u2019s decision reaffirms the constitutional validity of the 42nd Amendment Act, emphasizing that the terms &#8216;secular&#8217; and &#8216;socialist&#8217; are integral to India&#8217;s democratic framework. The verdict highlights the dynamic nature of the Constitution, recognizing the need for adaptations in response to the changing needs of society.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"As_India_Inaugurates_Global_Cooperatives_Alliance_Bhutan_Pitches_Gelephu_as_Biggest_Co-operative_Project\"><\/span><strong>As India Inaugurates Global Cooperatives Alliance, Bhutan Pitches Gelephu as Biggest Co-operative Project<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_in_News-2\"><\/span><strong>Why in News?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>India inaugurated the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) Global Cooperative Conference 2024 in New Delhi on November 25, with Prime Minister Narendra Modi leading the event alongside Bhutan&#8217;s Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay. Cooperatives are voluntary associations that enable members to collectively address shared economic, social, and cultural challenges. In India, they have been instrumental in promoting rural development and ensuring inclusive economic growth, making them vital components of India&#8217;s socio-economic framework.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"History_of_Cooperatives_in_India\"><\/span><strong>History of Cooperatives in India<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Pre-Independence Era:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>1904: The Cooperative Credit Societies Act aimed to combat rural indebtedness.<\/li>\n<li>1912: The Cooperative Societies Act extended cooperatives to non-credit sectors, enabling their growth across industries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Post-Independence Era:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Cooperatives became a key element in India\u2019s Five-Year Plans to promote rural self-reliance.<\/li>\n<li>1963: Establishment of the National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) to fund and support cooperatives.<\/li>\n<li>1970s: The White Revolution, led by Amul, showcased the potential of cooperatives in transforming rural economies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Features_of_Cooperatives\"><\/span><strong>Features of Cooperatives<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Democratic Structure:<\/strong> Each member has an equal voice, regardless of financial contribution.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Member-Owned:<\/strong> Members collectively own and control the enterprise.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Profit Sharing:<\/strong> Profits are distributed among members or reinvested for the organization\u2019s welfare.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Community-Oriented:<\/strong> Cooperatives prioritize the collective good and contribute to local development.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_Cooperatives\"><\/span><strong>Types of Cooperatives<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Agricultural Cooperatives:<\/strong> Provide credit, inputs, and marketing support to farmers (e.g., PACS).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Credit Cooperatives:<\/strong> Offer affordable loans, especially in rural areas (e.g., Urban Cooperative Banks).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Consumer Cooperatives:<\/strong> Supply essential goods at fair prices through member-owned stores.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Housing Cooperatives:<\/strong> Facilitate affordable housing for members.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Worker Cooperatives:<\/strong> Managed by workers to ensure fair income distribution.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dairy Cooperatives:<\/strong> Enhance milk production and marketing (e.g., Amul).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Legal_and_Regulatory_Framework\"><\/span><strong>Legal and Regulatory Framework<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Legal Framework:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Cooperative Societies Act, 1912: India\u2019s first comprehensive cooperative legislation.<\/li>\n<li>State Cooperative Acts: States enact their laws since cooperatives are a State subject under the Constitution.<\/li>\n<li>Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act, 2002: Governs cooperatives operating across multiple states.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Regulatory Bodies:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Registrar of Cooperative Societies (RCS): Oversees state-level cooperatives.<\/li>\n<li>Reserve Bank of India (RBI): Regulates Urban Cooperative Banks.<\/li>\n<li>Ministry of Cooperation (2021): Established to centralize and streamline cooperative management.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Challenges_Faced_by_Cooperatives\"><\/span><strong>Challenges Faced by Cooperatives<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Lack of Professional Management:<\/strong> Limited expertise hampers operational efficiency.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Political Interference:<\/strong> Excessive dependence on government support leads to external control.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Limited Access to Capital:<\/strong> Funding constraints restrict growth and diversification.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Inefficient Governance:<\/strong> Weak leadership and internal conflicts impact decision-making.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Slow Modernization:<\/strong> Hesitation in adopting new technologies undermines competitiveness.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Successful_Cooperatives_in_India\"><\/span><strong>Successful Cooperatives in India<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Amul:<\/strong> A dairy cooperative that spearheaded the White Revolution, improving rural livelihoods.<\/li>\n<li><strong>IFFCO:<\/strong> One of the world\u2019s largest fertilizer cooperatives.<\/li>\n<li><strong>SEWA (Self-Employed Women\u2019s Association):<\/strong> Empowers women through cooperative initiatives.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"About_the_International_Cooperative_Alliance_ICA_Global_Conference\"><\/span><strong>About the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) Global Conference<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Objective:<\/strong> Strengthen the global cooperative movement, align with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and address emerging global issues like climate change and digital transformation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Membership:<\/strong> Represents over 315 cooperatives across 110+ countries.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Significance:<\/strong> Provides a platform for collaboration, knowledge exchange, and policy advocacy for cooperative growth.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion-2\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Cooperatives are pivotal for inclusive growth, rural development, and economic empowerment. Addressing challenges like modernization and governance will enhance their potential to contribute significantly to India\u2019s socio-economic transformation.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_Indias_Trade_Deficit_Is_Not_a_Weakness_Understanding_Its_Economic_Strengths\"><\/span><strong>Why India\u2019s Trade Deficit Is Not a Weakness: Understanding Its Economic Strengths<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_in_News-3\"><\/span><strong>Why in News?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>India&#8217;s persistent trade deficit, wherein imports exceed exports, often raises concerns about the nation&#8217;s economic health. However, a deeper analysis reveals that this deficit is not a sign of weakness but rather an indication of India&#8217;s economic strengths, particularly in services and its attractiveness as an investment destination.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_a_Trade_Deficit\"><\/span><strong>What is a Trade Deficit?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>A trade deficit occurs when a country imports more goods and services than it exports.<\/li>\n<li>In India\u2019s case, the goods trade deficit has been a long-standing feature of its economic landscape. However, India compensates for this by excelling in services.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Understanding_the_Current_Account_Deficit_CAD\"><\/span><strong>Understanding the Current Account Deficit (CAD)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Current Account Deficit (CAD):<\/strong> Occurs when a country&#8217;s imports exceed exports, including both goods and services.<\/li>\n<li>In Q1 2024-25, India\u2019s CAD widened to $9.7 billion (1.1% of GDP) from $8.9 billion (1.0% of GDP) in Q1 2023-24. This widening of CAD is primarily due to increased imports of goods.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Capital_Inflows_and_CAD\"><\/span><strong>Capital Inflows and CAD<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Countries with large capital inflows, such as India, typically run a current account deficit. This relationship is rooted in the basic principle that:\n<ul>\n<li>Capital Inflows = Current Account Deficit + Increase in Reserves<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>If India attracts foreign investment (capital inflows), it must either run a current account deficit or accumulate foreign reserves.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Indias_Strategy_with_Foreign_Investment\"><\/span><strong>India\u2019s Strategy with Foreign Investment<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>India actively encourages foreign investment to bridge the savings-investment gap and fuel faster economic growth.<\/li>\n<li>The capital account inflows help in financing the current account deficit and support development goals.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Composition_of_Indias_Current_Account_Deficit\"><\/span><strong>Composition of India\u2019s Current Account Deficit<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Goods and Services Balance:<\/strong> India imports more goods than it exports, resulting in a goods trade deficit. However, India is a net exporter of services, with sectors like IT, pharmaceuticals, and automobiles contributing significantly to the export revenue.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Net Exports of Services:<\/strong> India\u2019s net service exports help offset the higher import bills, reducing the pressure of the trade deficit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Indias_Economic_Strengths\"><\/span><strong>India\u2019s Economic Strengths<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Comparative Advantage in Services:<\/strong> India\u2019s major strength lies in its service sector, particularly in IT, pharmaceuticals, and business process outsourcing. These sectors allow India to earn foreign exchange and partially offset the import of goods. Despite a goods trade deficit, India\u2019s comparative advantage in services is a key driver of its economic resilience.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Manufacturing Sector and Domestic Demand:<\/strong> While India has a growing manufacturing sector, there is significant room for improvement. To enhance manufacturing, domestic demand must be strengthened. If domestic consumption rises, India can sustain manufacturing growth while maintaining its current account deficit at manageable levels.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Balanced Policy on Trade Deficit:<\/strong> India follows a balanced policy, maintaining a manageable current account deficit of around 2% of GDP, supported by equivalent capital inflows. This shows India\u2019s success as an attractive destination for foreign investment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Indias_Approach_to_Managing_Trade_Deficit_and_Economic_Growth\"><\/span><strong>India\u2019s Approach to Managing Trade Deficit and Economic Growth<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Foreign Exchange Reserves:<\/strong> Foreign exchange reserves act as a buffer against external economic shocks, allowing flexibility to address CAD-related challenges. However, maintaining large reserves comes at a cost, as India pays higher returns to foreign investors compared to its earnings from reserves.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Prudent Management of CAD:<\/strong> India\u2019s policy allows it to run a current account deficit, provided it is balanced by capital inflows and reserves accumulation. This indicates India\u2019s strategic position in the global economy as a net importer of goods and a net exporter of services.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion-3\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>India\u2019s persistent trade deficit is not a sign of weakness. Instead, it reflects India\u2019s strong position in services and its role as an attractive investment destination. By focusing on domestic demand and manufacturing growth, India can further strengthen its economic position and manage the trade deficit effectively.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Discrepancy_Between_Satellite_Data_of_Farm_Fires_and_Air_Pollution\"><\/span><strong>The Discrepancy Between Satellite Data of Farm Fires and Air Pollution<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_in_News-4\"><\/span><strong>Why in News?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Despite GRAP Stage IV, Supreme Court directives, and Delhi government efforts, air quality remains critical. Farm fires in Punjab and Haryana, often linked to the pollution surge, have raised questions about the accuracy of satellite-based stubble-burning data.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Counting_of_Farm_Fires\"><\/span><strong>Counting of Farm Fires<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<table border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Satellite<\/th>\n<th>Launch Year<\/th>\n<th>Instruments<\/th>\n<th>Capabilities<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>NASA Aqua<\/td>\n<td>2002<\/td>\n<td>MODIS<\/td>\n<td>Tracks atmospheric changes, including fires and smoke, at 1:30 PM and 1:30 AM.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>NASA Suomi-NPP<\/td>\n<td>2011<\/td>\n<td>VIIRS, Ozone Mapping Profiler<\/td>\n<td>Identifies aerosols and smoke contributions to air pollution.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>GEO-KOMPSAT 2A<\/td>\n<td>2018<\/td>\n<td>Geostationary Weather Satellite<\/td>\n<td>Continuous monitoring of aerosol levels and fire activities from a fixed orbit.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Controversy_Around_Counting_Method\"><\/span><strong>Controversy Around Counting Method<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>NASA\u2019s Observations:<\/strong> A senior NASA scientist noted a 40% decline in farm fires in 2023, attributing it to anti-burning campaigns or late-day burning beyond satellite observation times.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cross-verification with South Korea\u2019s GEO-KOMPSAT 2A:<\/strong> Revealed heavier smoke after NASA satellite overpasses.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Aerosol Data Contradictions:<\/strong> Despite fewer reported fires, aerosol levels matched previous years, suggesting ground-level validation is necessary.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Role_of_CAQM_Commission_for_Air_Quality_Management\"><\/span><strong>Role of CAQM (Commission for Air Quality Management)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<table border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Function<\/th>\n<th>Issues<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Tasked with resolving air quality issues in NCR.<\/td>\n<td>Media reports indicate CAQM was aware of late-day burning yet maintained a public stance of declining fires.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Publicly reported decline in farm fires. Alternate formulas contradicted by aerosol data and visuals from other satellites.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Can_Indian_Satellites_Bridge_the_Gap\"><\/span><strong>Can Indian Satellites Bridge the Gap?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<table border=\"1\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Satellite<\/th>\n<th>Strengths<\/th>\n<th>Limitations<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>INSAT-3DR<\/td>\n<td>Tracks wide-area fires using thermal infrared.<\/td>\n<td>Coarse resolution (1-8 km), insufficient for precision.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>RESOURCE SAT Series<\/td>\n<td>High-resolution cameras for land observation.<\/td>\n<td>Not optimized for detecting small-scale fires.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>GISAT-1 (Failed)<\/td>\n<td>Proposed for enhanced fire detection capabilities.<\/td>\n<td>Launch failure in 2021 left monitoring capacity constrained.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion-4\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The discrepancies in satellite data highlight the limitations of existing technologies in accurately tracking farm fires.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_Brief\"><\/span><strong>In Brief<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Samos_Island\"><\/span><strong>Samos Island<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>A recent migrant boat disaster near the Greek island of Samos led to the tragic loss of eight lives, including six children. This incident has drawn attention to the ongoing migrant crisis in the Mediterranean.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"About_Samos_Island\"><\/span><strong>About Samos Island:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Samos is a Greek island located in the eastern part of the Aegean Sea, just 1,700 meters from the Turkish coast of Asia Minor.<\/li>\n<li>It is one of Greece\u2019s largest and easternmost islands, covering an area of 478 square kilometers.<\/li>\n<li>The island features rugged mountain ranges, sandy beaches, olive groves, and pine forests. Mount Kerketeus, the highest peak at 1,433 meters, marks the western tip of the island.<\/li>\n<li>Samos has a Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and mild, short winters.<\/li>\n<li>The island is known for its rich history, with landmarks such as the Pythagoreion and Heraion of Samos, both UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Among the notable features is the Eupalin Aqueduct, an ancient engineering marvel.<\/li>\n<li>Samos is historically significant as the birthplace of the famous Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras, known for the Pythagorean theorem. Additionally, the ancient astronomer Aristarchus, who proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system in 500 BC, was born here.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pterosaur\"><\/span><strong>Pterosaur<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>A newly discovered species of pterosaur was identified from 100-million-year-old fossilized bones found in western Queensland, Australia.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"About_Pterosaurs\"><\/span><strong>About Pterosaurs:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Pterosaurs were flying reptiles that thrived throughout the Mesozoic Era (Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods, 252.2 to 66 million years ago).<\/li>\n<li>They were the first vertebrates to achieve powered flight, using strong forelimbs to launch themselves into the air.<\/li>\n<li>Although not dinosaurs, pterosaurs were archosaurs, a group also encompassing dinosaurs, birds, and crocodiles.<\/li>\n<li>They included the largest vertebrate ever known to fly, Quetzalcoatlus.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_Features\"><\/span><strong>Key Features<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Pterosaurs are an example of convergent evolution, as they are not directly related to birds or bats.<\/li>\n<li>Their wings were formed by skin membranes stretching between the elongated fourth finger of the forelimb, resembling bat wings.<\/li>\n<li>Earlier species had long, toothed jaws and tails, while later forms had shorter tails and sometimes lacked teeth.<\/li>\n<li>Many had long necks with throat pouches, potentially used for catching fish.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Extinction:<\/strong> Pterosaurs went extinct during the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event (K-T event) around 65.5 million years ago, with their ecological role in the skies taken over by birds, which are considered descendants of dinosaurs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Atal_Innovation_Mission_AIM\"><\/span><strong>Atal Innovation Mission (AIM)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Union Cabinet approved the continuation of Atal Innovation Mission (AIM), under NITI Aayog, with a \u20b92,750 crore allocation until March 31, 2028.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"About_AIM\"><\/span><strong>About AIM<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Launched in 2016, AIM aims to foster innovation and entrepreneurship across schools, research institutes, industries, and MSMEs in India.<\/li>\n<li>Its two main objectives are:\n<ul>\n<li>Promoting entrepreneurship by providing financial support and mentorship to innovators.<\/li>\n<li>Fostering innovation through platforms for idea generation among like-minded individuals.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_Programs\"><\/span><strong>Key Programs<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Atal Tinkering Labs<\/li>\n<li>Atal Incubation Centres<\/li>\n<li>Atal New India Challenges &amp; Atal Grand Challenges<\/li>\n<li>Mentor India<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>AIM collaborates with academia, industries, NGOs, and individuals to enhance the innovation ecosystem. The initiative is managed using real-time monitoring systems and dynamic dashboards.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Raja_Raja_Chola_I\"><\/span><strong>Raja Raja Chola I<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The birth anniversary of Raja Raja Chola I is celebrated annually during the Sadhaya Vizha in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"About_Raja_Raja_Chola_I\"><\/span><strong>About Raja Raja Chola I:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Born as Arulmozhi Varman in 947 CE, Raja Raja Chola I became one of India&#8217;s most renowned rulers, known for his military achievements and cultural contributions.<\/li>\n<li>His reign from 985 to 1014 CE saw the expansion of the Chola Empire and significant administrative advancements.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Military_Conquests\"><\/span><strong>Military Conquests<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>The Chola Empire expanded from Sri Lanka in the south to Kalinga in the north.<\/li>\n<li>Raja Raja Chola launched successful naval campaigns, capturing the Malabar Coast, the Maldives, and Sri Lanka.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Titles\"><\/span><strong>Titles<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>After defeating the Pandyas, he adopted the title Pandya Kulashani (Thunderbolt to the Pandyas).<\/li>\n<li>He also took the title Mummudi Chola (The Chola with three crowns).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Important_Contributions\"><\/span><strong>Important Contributions<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>In 1010, Raja Raja built the Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur, a monumental structure dedicated to Lord Shiva, which became a hub for both religious and economic activities.<\/li>\n<li>He compiled the works of Tamil poets like Appar, Sambandar, and Sundarar into the Thirumurai collection.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"SAREX-24_Indian_Coast_Guard_Exercise\"><\/span><strong>SAREX-24: Indian Coast Guard Exercise<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Indian Coast Guard will host SAREX-24 in Kochi from November 27 to 30, organized by the National Maritime Search and Rescue (NMSAR) Board. The exercise aims to enhance search and rescue capabilities through national and international cooperation.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Objectives\"><\/span><strong>Objectives:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Improve coordination for Mass Rescue Operations (MRO).<\/li>\n<li>Strengthen regional cooperation in maritime search and rescue.<\/li>\n<li>Assess the effectiveness of current protocols.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Participants\"><\/span><strong>Participants<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Inaugurated by Defence Secretary with Indian Coast Guard overseeing the event. Officials from government agencies, armed forces, and foreign delegates will participate.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Activities\"><\/span><strong>Activities<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Table-top exercises, workshops, and seminars.<\/li>\n<li>Sea exercise simulating emergencies with a distressed vessel and a civil aircraft ditching.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Technological_Innovations\"><\/span><strong>Technological Innovations<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The exercise will demonstrate satellite distress beacons, drones for life buoy deployment, and remote-controlled life-saving equipment.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"COP29_Climate_Finance_Agreement\"><\/span><strong>COP29 Climate Finance Agreement<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The COP29 summit in Baku, Azerbaijan, established a new climate finance target under the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG). This target aims for $300 billion annually by 2035 to support developing countries, three times the previous target of $100 billion. However, it falls short of the $1.3 trillion requested by developing nations.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Funding_Sources\"><\/span><strong>Funding Sources<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The funds will primarily be provided as loans, with some at lower interest rates. However, specifics on concessional loans or grants remain unclear.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Reactions\"><\/span><strong>Reactions<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>UN Climate Change Executive Secretary Simon Stiell acknowledged that no country received all its demands and called for further collaboration to reach the $1.3 trillion goal.<\/li>\n<li>Developing countries, including India, expressed disappointment, criticizing the target as insufficient to address urgent climate challenges.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Upcoming_Climate_Meetings\"><\/span><strong>Upcoming Climate Meetings<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>COP30 will be held in Belem, Brazil, in November 2025.<\/li>\n<li>Biennial Transparency Reports (BTRs) are due by December 31, 2024, detailing progress on climate action.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Read Time: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\">10<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minutes<\/span><\/span> Polity: Supreme Court Upholds \u2018Secular, Socialist\u2019 in Preamble of the Constitution Why in News? The Supreme Court of India, in the case of Dr. Balram Singh v. Union of India (2024), upheld the constitutional validity of the 42nd Amendment (1976) that inserted the terms &#8216;secular&#8217; and &#8216;socialist&#8217; into the Preamble of the Constitution. What is&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-26-november-2024\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Current Affair &#8211; 26 November 2024<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[59],"tags":[],"acf":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2517"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2517"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2517\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2518,"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2517\/revisions\/2518"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2517"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2517"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2517"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}