{"id":2342,"date":"2024-11-07T12:14:11","date_gmt":"2024-11-07T12:14:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=2342"},"modified":"2024-11-07T12:16:39","modified_gmt":"2024-11-07T12:16:39","slug":"current-affair-6-november-2024","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/","title":{"rendered":"Current Affair &#8211; 6 November 2024"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_81 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Polity_Two_Supreme_Court_Judges_on_Nine-Judge_Bench_Refer_to_CJIs_%E2%80%98Harsh_Criticism_of_Krishna_Iyer_in_a_%E2%80%98Proposed_Judgement\" >Polity: Two Supreme Court Judges on Nine-Judge Bench Refer to CJI\u2019s \u2018Harsh\u2019 Criticism of Krishna Iyer in a \u2018Proposed Judgement\u2019<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Why_in_News\" >Why in News?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Overview\" >Overview<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Explanation_of_the_Judicial_Views\" >Explanation of the Judicial Views<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Additional_Relevant_Facts_for_Context\" >Additional Relevant Facts for Context<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Validity_of_Law_Cannot_Be_Challenged_for_Violating_Basic_Structure_Supreme_Court\" >Validity of Law Cannot Be Challenged for Violating Basic Structure: Supreme Court<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Why_in_News-2\" >Why in News?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Overview-2\" >Overview<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Basic_Structure_Doctrine\" >Basic Structure Doctrine<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Impact_on_Ordinary_Legislation\" >Impact on Ordinary Legislation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Uttar_Pradesh_Madrasa_Education_Board_Act_2004\" >Uttar Pradesh Madrasa Education Board Act, 2004<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Historical_Context\" >Historical Context<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Judicial_Precedents\" >Judicial Precedents<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Conclusion-2\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#International_Relations_On_India-Canada_Diplomatic_Relations_Explained\" >International Relations: On India-Canada Diplomatic Relations | Explained<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Why_in_News-3\" >Why in News?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Overview-3\" >Overview<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Issues_in_India-Canada_Relations\" >Issues in India-Canada Relations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Sikh_%E2%80%98Vote_Bank_Politics_in_Canada\" >Sikh &#8216;Vote Bank&#8217; Politics in Canada<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Political_and_Cultural_Misunderstandings\" >Political and Cultural Misunderstandings<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Impact_of_India-Canada_Diplomatic_Tensions\" >Impact of India-Canada Diplomatic Tensions<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#1_Diplomatic_Impact\" >1. Diplomatic Impact<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#2_Economic_Impact\" >2. Economic Impact<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#3_Security_Impact\" >3. Security Impact<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#4_Geopolitical_Impact\" >4. Geopolitical Impact<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Conclusion-3\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Social_Justice_UP_Madarsa_Education_Act_Upheld_by_SC_What_Was_the_Case\" >Social Justice: UP Madarsa Education Act Upheld by SC: What Was the Case?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Why_in_News-4\" >Why in News?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Introduction\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Background_of_the_UP_Madarsa_Education_Act_2004\" >Background of the UP Madarsa Education Act (2004)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Key_Provisions_of_the_Act\" >Key Provisions of the Act<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Legal_Challenge\" >Legal Challenge<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Allahabad_High_Courts_Decision_March_2024\" >Allahabad High Court\u2019s Decision (March 2024)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Supreme_Courts_Ruling_and_Arguments\" >Supreme Court&#8217;s Ruling and Arguments<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Impact_of_the_SC_Verdict\" >Impact of the SC Verdict<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Conclusion-4\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Science_India_Must_Create_%E2%80%98Leading_Space_Firms_Not_Just_Service_Companies_ISRO_Chief\" >Science: India Must Create \u2018Leading\u2019 Space Firms, Not Just Service Companies: ISRO Chief<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Why_in_News-5\" >Why in News?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Context\" >Context<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Current_Status_of_Indias_Space_Industry\" >Current Status of India&#8217;s Space Industry<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-42\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#ISROs_Vision_for_Future_Space_Ecosystem\" >ISRO\u2019s Vision for Future Space Ecosystem<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-43\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Government_Support\" >Government Support<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-44\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Global_Competitiveness\" >Global Competitiveness<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-45\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Conclusion-5\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-46\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Russian_Rocket_Launches_Iranian_Satellites_into_Orbit_as_Moscow_and_Tehran_Expand_Ties\" >Russian Rocket Launches Iranian Satellites into Orbit as Moscow and Tehran Expand Ties<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-47\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Why_in_News-6\" >Why in News?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-48\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Introduction-2\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-49\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Details_of_the_Launch\" >Details of the Launch<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-50\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Irans_Space_Ambitions\" >Iran&#8217;s Space Ambitions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-51\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Geopolitical_Context\" >Geopolitical Context<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-52\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Challenges_in_Irans_Space_Program\" >Challenges in Iran\u2019s Space Program<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-53\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Strategic_Implications\" >Strategic Implications<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-54\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Future_Prospects\" >Future Prospects<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-55\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Conclusion-6\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-56\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#If_Tardigrades_Crowd-Sourced_Their_Remarkable_Genes_Can_Humans\" >If Tardigrades Crowd-Sourced Their Remarkable Genes, Can Humans?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-57\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Why_in_News-7\" >Why in News?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-58\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Introduction-3\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-59\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Facts_and_Features_of_Tardigrades\" >Facts and Features of Tardigrades<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-60\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Cryptobiosis_The_Key_to_Survival\" >Cryptobiosis: The Key to Survival<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-61\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Tardigrades_Resistance_to_Radiation\" >Tardigrades\u2019 Resistance to Radiation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-62\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Genomic_Research_and_Discovery\" >Genomic Research and Discovery<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-63\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Potential_Applications_for_Humans\" >Potential Applications for Humans<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-64\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Tardigrades_and_Horizontal_Gene_Transfer\" >Tardigrades and Horizontal Gene Transfer<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-65\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Conclusion-7\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-66\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#On_the_Growth_Track_How_Dedicated_Freight_Corridors_are_Adding_to_GDP_Boosting_Rail_Revenues\" >On the Growth Track: How Dedicated Freight Corridors are Adding to GDP, Boosting Rail Revenues<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-67\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Why_in_News-8\" >Why in News?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-68\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Context-2\" >Context<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-69\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Why_were_DFCs_Needed\" >Why were DFCs Needed?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-70\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Impact_on_the_Economy\" >Impact on the Economy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-71\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Current_Status_and_Future_Developments\" >Current Status and Future Developments<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-72\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Study_Methodology\" >Study Methodology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-73\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Social_Impact\" >Social Impact<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-74\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Conclusion-8\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-75\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Rising_STEM_Research_Demands_Revitalised_Education\" >Rising STEM Research Demands Revitalised Education<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-76\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Why_in_News-9\" >Why in News?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-77\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Overview-4\" >Overview<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-78\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Key_Points_and_Suggested_Reforms\" >Key Points and Suggested Reforms<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-79\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#1_Current_Challenges_in_STEM_Education\" >1. Current Challenges in STEM Education<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-80\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#2_Focus_on_Quality_of_Training\" >2. Focus on Quality of Training<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-81\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#3_Proposed_Solutions\" >3. Proposed Solutions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-82\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#4_Joint_Degree_Agreements\" >4. Joint Degree Agreements<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-83\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Strategic_Initiatives_Aligned_with_NEP_2020_and_ANRF_Objectives\" >Strategic Initiatives Aligned with NEP 2020 and ANRF Objectives<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-84\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/#Conclusion-9\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Polity_Two_Supreme_Court_Judges_on_Nine-Judge_Bench_Refer_to_CJIs_%E2%80%98Harsh_Criticism_of_Krishna_Iyer_in_a_%E2%80%98Proposed_Judgement\"><\/span><strong>Polity: Two Supreme Court Judges on Nine-Judge Bench Refer to CJI\u2019s \u2018Harsh\u2019 Criticism of Krishna Iyer in a \u2018Proposed Judgement\u2019<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_in_News\"><\/span><strong>Why in News?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Justice Nagarathna says judges should not follow the practice of decrying past judges; Justice Dhulia says the criticism could have been avoided.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Overview\"><\/span><strong>Overview<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Recently, two Supreme Court judges on a nine-judge Bench addressed the Chief Justice of India\u2019s critical comments about the &#8220;Krishna Iyer Doctrine.&#8221; Justice Iyer, known for his emphasis on human rights and judicial reforms, popularised the phrase \u201cbail is the rule, jail is the exception.\u201d In a &#8220;proposed judgement,&#8221; the Chief Justice described Justice Iyer&#8217;s approach as a \u201cdisservice to the Constitution,\u201d which triggered responses from Justices Nagarathna and Dhulia.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Explanation_of_the_Judicial_Views\"><\/span><strong>Explanation of the Judicial Views<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Justice Nagarathna\u2019s Perspective:<\/strong> She argued that the past decisions by judges like Justice Iyer must be contextualised within their socio-economic environment. Policies like liberalisation and globalisation, which emerged post-1991, changed the judicial approach, but this does not invalidate earlier doctrines.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Justice Dhulia\u2019s Perspective:<\/strong> The only dissenter, felt the criticism was \u201charsh\u201d and highlighted that doctrines like those of Justice Iyer and Justice O. Chinnappa Reddy continue to reflect strong humanist values central to Indian jurisprudence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Additional_Relevant_Facts_for_Context\"><\/span><strong>Additional Relevant Facts for Context<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>The \u2018Krishna Iyer Doctrine\u2019:<\/strong> It is integral to India\u2019s criminal jurisprudence, especially concerning the rights of the accused and underprivileged.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Shift in Judicial Philosophy:<\/strong> Post-1991 economic reforms saw a gradual shift towards a market-driven perspective, but the judiciary retains doctrines balancing economic policy with individual rights.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Role of \u2018Proposed Judgments\u2019:<\/strong> Draft opinions allow for intellectual exchanges, though quoting from such drafts is unconventional.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The debate highlights the balance between respecting judicial precedents like the Krishna Iyer Doctrine and adapting to modern socio-economic realities in India&#8217;s evolving legal landscape.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Validity_of_Law_Cannot_Be_Challenged_for_Violating_Basic_Structure_Supreme_Court\"><\/span><strong>Validity of Law Cannot Be Challenged for Violating Basic Structure: Supreme Court<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_in_News-2\"><\/span><strong>Why in News?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Allowing courts to strike down laws based on undefined concepts like democracy, federalism, and secularism may introduce uncertainty in constitutional adjudication.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Overview-2\"><\/span><strong>Overview<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Supreme Court ruled that the validity of ordinary laws cannot be challenged on the grounds of violating the &#8220;Basic Structure&#8221; of the Constitution. The judgement, delivered by a three-judge Bench led by the Chief Justice of India, reaffirmed the position that undefined concepts like democracy, federalism, and secularism under the Basic Structure doctrine are not sufficient grounds for invalidating legislation.<\/p>\n<p>The case addressed whether the Basic Structure doctrine could be applied to annul a regular statute, with the judgement specifically referring to the Uttar Pradesh Madrasa Education Board Act, 2004.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Basic_Structure_Doctrine\"><\/span><strong>Basic Structure Doctrine<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The Basic Structure doctrine, developed through landmark cases such as <strong>Kesavananda Bharati (1973)<\/strong> and <strong>Raj Narain (1975)<\/strong>, holds that certain principles form the foundation of the Constitution and cannot be altered by ordinary legislative processes.<\/li>\n<li>The Court emphasised that concepts such as democracy, federalism, and secularism are &#8220;undefined&#8221; in the Constitution and thus cannot be invoked to challenge the validity of laws.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Impact_on_Ordinary_Legislation\"><\/span><strong>Impact on Ordinary Legislation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The Chief Justice opined that applying the Basic Structure doctrine to test the validity of an ordinary law would introduce uncertainty and disrupt constitutional adjudication.<\/li>\n<li>The judgement clarified that for a law to be challenged on the grounds of secularism, it must directly violate specific constitutional provisions related to secularism.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Uttar_Pradesh_Madrasa_Education_Board_Act_2004\"><\/span><strong>Uttar Pradesh Madrasa Education Board Act, 2004<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The Court upheld the validity of the Uttar Pradesh Madrasa Education Board Act, 2004, which had been challenged on the grounds of violating the principle of secularism.<\/li>\n<li>The Allahabad High Court&#8217;s finding, which claimed the law disregarded secularism, was ruled insufficient without specific reference to constitutional provisions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Historical_Context\"><\/span><strong>Historical Context<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The judgement referred to earlier cases such as <strong>Indira Nehru Gandhi vs. Raj Narain (1975)<\/strong>, where the Supreme Court had first applied the Basic Structure doctrine to a Constitutional Amendment. It differentiated between constitutional amendments and ordinary laws, with the majority in Raj Narain holding that the Basic Structure doctrine cannot be applied to ordinary laws.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Judicial_Precedents\"><\/span><strong>Judicial Precedents<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The judgement cited the views of former Justices in the Raj Narain case, noting that the Basic Structure doctrine, being &#8220;vague&#8221; and &#8220;indefinite,&#8221; could not serve as a standard for evaluating the validity of ordinary laws.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion-2\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Supreme Court ruling clarifies that the Basic Structure doctrine applies to constitutional amendments, not ordinary laws, and undefined terms like democracy can&#8217;t easily invalidate laws.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"International_Relations_On_India-Canada_Diplomatic_Relations_Explained\"><\/span><strong>International Relations: On India-Canada Diplomatic Relations | Explained<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_in_News-3\"><\/span><strong>Why in News?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>India accuses Canada of harboring Khalistani terrorists, questioning Trudeau&#8217;s political motives. Canada is reluctant to extradite due to concerns over human rights and sovereignty.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Overview-3\"><\/span><strong>Overview<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Diplomatic relations between India and Canada have recently been strained, primarily due to allegations made by the Canadian Prime Minister regarding Indian intelligence involvement in the 2023 killing of Hardeep Singh Nijjar, a Canadian citizen with alleged ties to the Khalistani movement. The fallout led to the expulsion of top diplomats from both countries, exacerbating tensions between the two nations, particularly affecting Hindu-Sikh relations in Canada.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Issues_in_India-Canada_Relations\"><\/span><strong>Issues in India-Canada Relations<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Issue<\/strong><\/th>\n<th><strong>Details<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Khalistani Extremism<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>India accuses Canada of harboring Khalistani extremists and separatists, including those involved in the 1985 Air India bombing.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Diplomatic Expulsions<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Following Trudeau&#8217;s allegations, both countries expelled senior diplomats in a move that intensified the diplomatic conflict.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Extradition Challenges<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>India\u2019s requests for extraditing Khalistani militants are often denied by Canada, citing legal and human rights concerns.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sikh_%E2%80%98Vote_Bank_Politics_in_Canada\"><\/span><strong>Sikh &#8216;Vote Bank&#8217; Politics in Canada<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>While Canada\u2019s Sikh population is small (2%), their political influence is significant due to geographic concentration.<\/li>\n<li>Despite this, there is no direct evidence to suggest that Trudeau\u2019s government is pandering to the Sikh vote bank by accusing India of involvement in Nijjar\u2019s killing. Interestingly, surveys show a significant portion of the Sikh vote supports the Conservative Party.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Political_and_Cultural_Misunderstandings\"><\/span><strong>Political and Cultural Misunderstandings<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>There are deep-rooted misunderstandings between India and Canada due to differing perceptions of the Khalistani issue.<\/li>\n<li>Canadians, particularly those of Indian descent, perceive the 1985 bombing as a \u201cforeign tragedy,\u201d leading to systemic racial prejudice. On the other hand, Indian authorities expect Canadian institutions to act in a manner similar to their own, especially regarding the rule of law and counter-terrorism actions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Impact_of_India-Canada_Diplomatic_Tensions\"><\/span><strong>Impact of India-Canada Diplomatic Tensions<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Diplomatic_Impact\"><\/span><strong>1. Diplomatic Impact<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Strains India&#8217;s relations with Canada and its allies, affecting multilateral cooperation.<\/li>\n<li>Canada\u2019s allegations harm India&#8217;s global image, especially on human rights and terrorism issues.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Economic_Impact\"><\/span><strong>2. Economic Impact<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Disruptions in trade and investment, particularly in sectors like energy and technology.<\/li>\n<li>Challenges for Indian diaspora in Canada, including visa issues and potential security concerns.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Security_Impact\"><\/span><strong>3. Security Impact<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Increased risks from Khalistani extremism within Canada.<\/li>\n<li>Issues with extradition of individuals wanted for terrorism-related offences in India.<\/li>\n<li>Impact on intelligence sharing and regional security cooperation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Geopolitical_Impact\"><\/span><strong>4. Geopolitical Impact<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Could weaken India&#8217;s global influence and diplomatic leverage, especially with Western nations.<\/li>\n<li>Increased strain in India\u2019s ties with the Five Eyes intelligence alliance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion-3\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>India-Canada diplomatic tensions stem from allegations of Khalistani extremism, extradition disputes, historical grievances, and political factors, with complex legal, cultural, and media dimensions shaping relations.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Social_Justice_UP_Madarsa_Education_Act_Upheld_by_SC_What_Was_the_Case\"><\/span><strong>Social Justice: UP Madarsa Education Act Upheld by SC: What Was the Case?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_in_News-4\"><\/span><strong>Why in News?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The SC verdict on the Madarsa Act will impact Uttar Pradesh directly, with CJI Chandrachud warning of broader implications for religious education nationwide.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span><strong>Introduction<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In November 2024, the Supreme Court (SC) of India upheld the Constitutional validity of the Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004 (Madarsa Act). This ruling overturned a decision by the Allahabad High Court, which had struck down the law in March 2024. The SC&#8217;s decision not only impacts madarsas in Uttar Pradesh but is expected to influence the broader landscape of religious education in India.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Background_of_the_UP_Madarsa_Education_Act_2004\"><\/span><strong>Background of the UP Madarsa Education Act (2004)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The Uttar Pradesh Madarsa Education Act, 2004, established a legal framework for madarsa education, which includes both religious and secular studies.<\/li>\n<li>The law led to the creation of the Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education, with a focus on religious education alongside the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) curriculum.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_Provisions_of_the_Act\"><\/span><strong>Key Provisions of the Act<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The Act governs madarsas offering education from Class 10 (Maulvi) to Master\u2019s level (Fazil).<\/li>\n<li>It mandates that these institutions impart both religious education and modern subjects.<\/li>\n<li>The UP Madarsa Education Board is tasked with curriculum preparation, exam conduction, and certification.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Legal_Challenge\"><\/span><strong>Legal Challenge<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>A petition was filed against the Act on the grounds that it violated Articles 14, 15, and 21-A of the Indian Constitution, which guarantee equality before the law, prohibit discrimination on various grounds, and mandate free and compulsory education for children between 6 to 14 years of age, respectively.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Allahabad_High_Courts_Decision_March_2024\"><\/span><strong>Allahabad High Court\u2019s Decision (March 2024)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Allahabad High Court struck down the Act on several constitutional grounds:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Violation of Secularism:<\/strong> The court emphasised that secularism demands equal treatment of all religions by the state. It observed that the Act promoted compulsory religious education, which conflicted with the secular nature of education under the Constitution.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Right to Education (Article 21A):<\/strong> The HC ruled that the law violated the right to free and compulsory education by providing inadequate quality education, especially in modern subjects, which is a constitutional mandate.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conflict with Central Laws:<\/strong> The Act&#8217;s provision for madarsas to grant degrees was deemed unconstitutional, as only universities or entities deemed as universities under the University Grants Commission Act, 1956, can confer degrees.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Supreme_Courts_Ruling_and_Arguments\"><\/span><strong>Supreme Court&#8217;s Ruling and Arguments<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The SC bench, led by Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud, addressed two critical issues during the hearings:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Religious Education vs. Religious Instruction:<\/strong> The distinction between teaching about religion (religious education) and religious instruction was highlighted. The SC had ruled in previous cases (e.g., <em>Ms. Aruna Roy vs Union of India, 2002<\/em>) that while religious instruction is prohibited in state-recognized institutions, education about religions can promote communal harmony.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Partial vs. Full Strike Down of the Act:<\/strong> The SC questioned the HC&#8217;s decision to strike down the entire Act. It emphasised that instead of invalidating the whole Act, provisions that are incompatible with the Constitution could have been amended. The CJI suggested that the UP government should focus on ensuring a secular educational framework within madarsas.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Impact_of_the_SC_Verdict\"><\/span><strong>Impact of the SC Verdict<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The SC ruling will primarily affect madarsa education in Uttar Pradesh, but Chief Justice Chandrachud warned that the principles established in this case could extend to religious education across India.<\/li>\n<li>This may include gurukuls, convent schools, and other religious institutions, prompting a review of their curriculum and secular education provisions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion-4\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Supreme Court\u2019s decision reinforces the balance between secularism and religious education in India. While the Act remains constitutional, it emphasizes the need for reforms to align madarsa education with constitutional mandates, particularly in ensuring access to quality, compulsory education.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Science_India_Must_Create_%E2%80%98Leading_Space_Firms_Not_Just_Service_Companies_ISRO_Chief\"><\/span><strong>Science: India Must Create \u2018Leading\u2019 Space Firms, Not Just Service Companies: ISRO Chief<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_in_News-5\"><\/span><strong>Why in News?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>India has 450 satellite component companies, but ISRO needs new players, young talent, a robust start-up ecosystem, and significant government and private investment for growth.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Context\"><\/span><strong>Context<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>India\u2019s space ambitions are at a pivotal point, as it seeks to position itself as a major global player in the space economy. ISRO Chairman, S. Somanath, emphasises the need for a transition from merely service-oriented companies to &#8220;leading space firms,&#8221; which would be crucial for India to increase its contribution to the global space economy from 2% to 10%.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Current_Status_of_Indias_Space_Industry\"><\/span><strong>Current Status of India&#8217;s Space Industry<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>450 Companies:<\/strong> India has 450 companies involved in manufacturing components for satellite construction and launches.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Technological Know-How:<\/strong> India has 90% of the required knowledge to build rockets and 60% of the necessary materials for space components.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Challenges:<\/strong> Despite this progress, India\u2019s space sector is hindered by a lack of demand, with few private companies investing in technology development. The fast pace of advancements in communications technology often renders developed products obsolete before they are commercially viable.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ISROs_Vision_for_Future_Space_Ecosystem\"><\/span><strong>ISRO\u2019s Vision for Future Space Ecosystem<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Need for Leading Space Companies:<\/strong> India must create not just service-oriented firms but leading space companies capable of advancing the space frontier.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Importance of Young Talent and Startups:<\/strong> The sector needs fresh talent and a vibrant start-up ecosystem to spur innovation and growth.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Government and Private Sector Investment:<\/strong> Large-scale investments from both government and private entities are essential to foster this transformation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Government_Support\"><\/span><strong>Government Support<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The Indian government must support the space sector through policies that enhance data accessibility and encourage private sector participation.<\/li>\n<li>The vision includes landing an Indian astronaut on the Moon by 2040, which would foster technological growth across sectors like electronics and bio-pharmaceuticals.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Global_Competitiveness\"><\/span><strong>Global Competitiveness<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Achieving independence in space and becoming a globally competitive force requires scaling up capabilities and long-term investment in research and technology.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion-5\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>To achieve its space ambitions, India must foster innovation, encourage private sector involvement, and secure large-scale investments, ensuring self-reliance and global competitiveness in space technology.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Russian_Rocket_Launches_Iranian_Satellites_into_Orbit_as_Moscow_and_Tehran_Expand_Ties\"><\/span><strong>Russian Rocket Launches Iranian Satellites into Orbit as Moscow and Tehran Expand Ties<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_in_News-6\"><\/span><strong>Why in News?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Successful Russian rocket launch carries Iranian satellites, showcasing growing Moscow-Tehran cooperation in space exploration.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction-2\"><\/span><strong>Introduction<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In November 2024, a Russian Soyuz rocket successfully launched from the Vostochny spaceport in the Russian Far East, carrying two Iranian satellites, Kowsar and Hodhod, into orbit. This launch exemplifies the growing cooperation between Moscow and Tehran in space exploration, a partnership that extends beyond space and into military and geopolitical spheres. The satellites were the first to be launched for Iran\u2019s private sector, marking a significant milestone in the country\u2019s space endeavors.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Details_of_the_Launch\"><\/span><strong>Details of the Launch<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The Soyuz rocket, launched from the Vostochny spaceport in Russia\u2019s Far East, placed its payload into orbit nine minutes after lift-off.<\/li>\n<li>In addition to Iran\u2019s two satellites, the launch carried two Russian Ionosphere-M Earth observation satellites and numerous smaller satellites from various nations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Irans_Space_Ambitions\"><\/span><strong>Iran&#8217;s Space Ambitions<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The satellites, Kowsar and Hodhod, are the first to be launched for Iran\u2019s private sector, a significant development in Iran\u2019s space program.<\/li>\n<li>These launches follow Russia\u2019s previous support in launching Iranian satellites, including the 2022 launch of Khayyam (an Earth observation satellite) and the February 2024 launch of Pars-1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Geopolitical_Context\"><\/span><strong>Geopolitical Context<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The launch underscores the growing Moscow-Tehran ties, especially as both nations face Western sanctions.<\/li>\n<li>Tehran\u2019s involvement in providing drones to Moscow for use in Ukraine has led to accusations from Ukraine and the West, which Moscow and Tehran deny.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Challenges_in_Irans_Space_Program\"><\/span><strong>Challenges in Iran\u2019s Space Program<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Iran has faced setbacks in its civilian space program, with five consecutive failures in the Simorgh satellite launch program and other issues, including a tragic fire in 2019 that claimed three lives.<\/li>\n<li>However, Iran\u2019s Revolutionary Guard has seen success with its military space launches, including those from a base near Shahroud.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Strategic_Implications\"><\/span><strong>Strategic Implications<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>U.S. intelligence assessments have expressed concerns that Iran\u2019s satellite launch technology could accelerate its development of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), a potential pathway to nuclear weapon delivery.<\/li>\n<li>The launch of these satellites also occurs in the context of rising tensions over Iran&#8217;s nuclear activities, as Tehran continues to enrich uranium and faces growing scrutiny over its nuclear intentions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Future_Prospects\"><\/span><strong>Future Prospects<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Iran and Russia are working toward a &#8220;comprehensive strategic partnership,&#8221; expected to be formalised during the meeting.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion-6\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Iranian satellite launch aboard a Russian rocket highlights deepening Moscow-Tehran ties, raising concerns over dual-use technology&#8217;s impact on global security and geopolitical trends.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"If_Tardigrades_Crowd-Sourced_Their_Remarkable_Genes_Can_Humans\"><\/span><strong>If Tardigrades Crowd-Sourced Their Remarkable Genes, Can Humans?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_in_News-7\"><\/span><strong>Why in News?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Tardigrades can survive hazardous radiation, extreme heat and cold, and can go for long periods without water; researchers are wondering if these abilities can be \u2018transferred\u2019 to humans.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction-3\"><\/span><strong>Introduction<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Tardigrades, often referred to as water bears or moss piglets, are microscopic, eight-legged creatures that have fascinated researchers due to their remarkable resilience. These ancient organisms can survive in extreme conditions\u2014radiation, desiccation, freezing temperatures, and even space\u2014raising the possibility of utilising their survival mechanisms in human biotechnology, medicine, and space exploration.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Facts_and_Features_of_Tardigrades\"><\/span><strong>Facts and Features of Tardigrades<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<table border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"8\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Feature<\/strong><\/th>\n<th><strong>Description<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Size<\/td>\n<td>Microscopic (0.3-0.5 mm)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Phylum<\/td>\n<td>Tardigrada<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Common Names<\/td>\n<td>Water bears, Moss piglets<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Unique Ability<\/td>\n<td>Cryptobiosis (state of suspended animation)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Resilience<\/td>\n<td>Survive radiation, extreme heat, cold, dehydration<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Known Species<\/td>\n<td>Over 1,300 species identified<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Evolutionary History<\/td>\n<td>Originated at least 600 million years ago<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Habitat<\/td>\n<td>Arctic, deep-sea floors, deserts, space vacuum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cryptobiosis_The_Key_to_Survival\"><\/span><strong>Cryptobiosis: The Key to Survival<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Tardigrades enter cryptobiosis, a state where metabolic processes are almost entirely suspended. This mechanism allows them to survive extreme dehydration, radiation, and freezing. Researchers have studied the specific proteins and genes that enable this survival strategy, hoping to replicate it for practical uses.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tardigrades_Resistance_to_Radiation\"><\/span><strong>Tardigrades\u2019 Resistance to Radiation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Recent studies have shown that tardigrades can withstand radiation levels 1,000 times higher than the lethal dose for humans. The mechanisms behind this resistance are tied to specific proteins and genes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Intrinsically Disordered Proteins:<\/strong> These proteins lack a fixed structure and help in resisting desiccation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Small Heat Shock Proteins:<\/strong> Protect proteins from aggregation under stress, aiding survival in high temperatures.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Horizontal Gene Transfer:<\/strong> Tardigrades acquire beneficial genes from other organisms, contributing to their resilience, such as the DODA1 gene involved in radiation resistance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Genomic_Research_and_Discovery\"><\/span><strong>Genomic Research and Discovery<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Recent genomic analyses have revealed specific genes responsible for radiation resistance:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>TRID1:<\/strong> Crucial for DNA repair during radiation exposure.<\/li>\n<li><strong>NDUFB8:<\/strong> Supports mitochondrial function, ensuring energy production under stress.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These findings suggest that the unique survival traits of tardigrades are a result of both evolution and gene transfer, opening potential avenues for human applications.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Potential_Applications_for_Humans\"><\/span><strong>Potential Applications for Humans<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Tardigrades&#8217; survival mechanisms could lead to significant advancements in various fields:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Biomedical Research:<\/strong> Stabilising proteins for vaccine production and gene therapy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Space Exploration:<\/strong> Protecting human cells and biological systems during space missions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Biotechnology:<\/strong> Enhancing the resilience of microbes and cells used in industrial processes.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tardigrades_and_Horizontal_Gene_Transfer\"><\/span><strong>Tardigrades and Horizontal Gene Transfer<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Research indicates that horizontal gene transfer contributes over 0.5% of the tardigrades&#8217; genetic makeup, highlighting the potential of gene transfer in adaptation. This could inspire new biotechnological methods for enhancing resistance in human cells, especially for space exploration or high-radiation environments.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion-7\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Tardigrades&#8217; survival abilities under extreme conditions, including radiation and desiccation, offer potential breakthroughs in medicine, biotechnology, and space exploration through unique genomic mechanisms.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"On_the_Growth_Track_How_Dedicated_Freight_Corridors_are_Adding_to_GDP_Boosting_Rail_Revenues\"><\/span><strong>On the Growth Track: How Dedicated Freight Corridors are Adding to GDP, Boosting Rail Revenues<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_in_News-8\"><\/span><strong>Why in News?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Dedicated Freight Corridors are specific routes for freight transportation by the Railways. Here&#8217;s why they were planned, and how they are contributing to GDP growth.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Context-2\"><\/span><strong>Context<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFCs) are specialised railway routes exclusively for freight transportation. These corridors significantly enhance the capacity and efficiency of India\u2019s logistics and freight system, thereby boosting the Indian economy. This article explores their impact on GDP growth, freight costs, and rail revenues, based on a study by the University of New South Wales.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_were_DFCs_Needed\"><\/span><strong>Why were DFCs Needed?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The creation of DFCs arose from two key challenges faced by Indian Railways:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Overburdened Golden Quadrilateral:<\/strong> The existing rail routes linking Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Howrah were congested, carrying over 50% of both passenger traffic and freight traffic. This limited further expansion and efficiency.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Declining Share of Rail Freight:<\/strong> Railways&#8217; share in the total freight traffic had been declining, and the National Rail Plan envisioned increasing it to 45% by 2030, necessitating dedicated infrastructure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Impact_on_the_Economy\"><\/span><strong>Impact on the Economy<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The introduction of DFCs has resulted in several economic benefits:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Reduction in Freight Costs:<\/strong> A recent study by the University of New South Wales found that freight costs have been reduced by up to 0.5%, contributing to lower prices for goods and making exports more competitive.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Boost to Railways&#8217; Revenues:<\/strong> Between FY 2018\u201319 and FY 2022\u201323, DFCs contributed significantly (2.94%) to the revenue growth of Indian Railways.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Faster and Safer Freight Movement:<\/strong> Freight trains on DFCs are faster, heavier, and safer, with over 325 trains running daily, a 60% increase from the previous year. These improvements have led to over 232 billion GTKMs and 122 billion NTKMs of freight carried since inception.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Current_Status_and_Future_Developments\"><\/span><strong>Current Status and Future Developments<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>DFC Performance:<\/strong> As of 2024, more than 10% of Indian Railways&#8217; freight is being handled by DFCs. Future studies will assess their broader economic impact.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Proposed DFCs:<\/strong> Several other corridors are planned, such as:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>East Coast Corridor:<\/strong> Kharagpur to Vijayawada<\/li>\n<li><strong>East-West Sub-corridors<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>North-South Sub-corridor:<\/strong> From Vijayawada to Itarsi<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Study_Methodology\"><\/span><strong>Study Methodology<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Australian study used a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, incorporating data from various sources, including freight costs, industry inputs, and economic data from the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways and Indian Railways. This model has been validated and calibrated using actual economic data to ensure accuracy.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Social_Impact\"><\/span><strong>Social Impact<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The DFCs have shown a &#8220;social-equalising effect,&#8221; where less economically advanced regions benefit more, improving regional economic conditions and reducing disparities.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion-8\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFCs) are vital for India&#8217;s economic growth, improving logistics, reducing costs, and boosting industrial output, strengthening both the rail and broader economy.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rising_STEM_Research_Demands_Revitalised_Education\"><\/span><strong>Rising STEM Research Demands Revitalised Education<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_in_News-9\"><\/span><strong>Why in News?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>With large sums of money being announced for initiatives such as quantum computing, cybersecurity, or artificial intelligence, it is essential to find students who are skilled; it is a struggle now.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Overview-4\"><\/span><strong>Overview<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>With significant funds directed toward emerging fields such as quantum computing, cybersecurity, and artificial intelligence, India&#8217;s struggle to find skilled students has become a critical issue. The quality of STEM education in India faces challenges related to inadequate skill levels among graduates, faculty shortages, and the misalignment of institutional focus, threatening both industry and research growth. This article discusses actionable strategies to address these challenges, with an emphasis on enhancing pedagogy, fostering collaboration between teaching and research institutions, and aligning STEM education with industry needs.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_Points_and_Suggested_Reforms\"><\/span><strong>Key Points and Suggested Reforms<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Current_Challenges_in_STEM_Education\"><\/span>1. Current Challenges in STEM Education<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Lack of Skills:<\/strong> Many graduates lack industry-ready skills, with a dwindling number pursuing higher education.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Faculty Shortages:<\/strong> Institutions face issues with underqualified faculty focused more on publishing research than on teaching.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Impact on Research &amp; Industry:<\/strong> The shortage of skilled talent threatens to underutilize investments in advanced technologies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Focus_on_Quality_of_Training\"><\/span>2. Focus on Quality of Training<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Problem with Current Rankings:<\/strong> Emphasis on research outputs over teaching quality results in faculty prioritising publication over pedagogy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Predatory Publishing:<\/strong> Limited resources and a weak research environment lead to increased participation in low-quality publications.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Proposed_Solutions\"><\/span>3. Proposed Solutions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Separate Rankings:<\/strong> Rank teaching institutions primarily based on teaching quality rather than research output.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pedagogical Development:<\/strong> Emphasise mentorship, training programs, and inter-institutional collaborations to improve teaching methods.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Joint_Degree_Agreements\"><\/span>4. Joint Degree Agreements<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Enhanced Student Pathways:<\/strong> Establish dual degree programs where students from teaching institutions complete part of their coursework in research institutions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Benefits:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Improved quality of graduates.<\/li>\n<li>Strengthened curriculum at teaching institutions.<\/li>\n<li>Opportunities for faculty and student exchanges.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Strategic_Initiatives_Aligned_with_NEP_2020_and_ANRF_Objectives\"><\/span><strong>Strategic Initiatives Aligned with NEP 2020 and ANRF Objectives<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<table border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"10\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th><strong>Initiative<\/strong><\/th>\n<th><strong>Objective<\/strong><\/th>\n<th><strong>Expected Outcome<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Centres of Excellence in Pedagogy<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Improve teaching skills, mentorship, and course quality<\/td>\n<td>Higher-quality graduates<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Dual Degree Programs<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Strengthen curriculum and hands-on learning<\/td>\n<td>Increase employability, skill set<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Separate Institution Rankings<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Encourage teaching focus in teaching institutions<\/td>\n<td>Better education quality<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion-9\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Revitalizing India&#8217;s teaching institutions through improved pedagogy, joint agreements with research institutes, and faculty focus on quality can enhance talent development and scientific innovation.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Read Time: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\">13<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minutes<\/span><\/span> Polity: Two Supreme Court Judges on Nine-Judge Bench Refer to CJI\u2019s \u2018Harsh\u2019 Criticism of Krishna Iyer in a \u2018Proposed Judgement\u2019 Why in News? Justice Nagarathna says judges should not follow the practice of decrying past judges; Justice Dhulia says the criticism could have been avoided. Overview Recently, two Supreme Court judges on a nine-judge Bench&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/current-affair-6-november-2024\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Current Affair &#8211; 6 November 2024<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[59],"tags":[],"acf":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2342"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2342"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2342\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2345,"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2342\/revisions\/2345"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2342"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2342"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/upscmentorship.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2342"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}